Urinary System Flashcards
Name at least four functions of the kidneys other than forming urine
Filter blood plasma and excrete toxic metabolic waste;
regulate blood volume, pressure, and osmolarity by regulating water output;
regulate electrolyte and acid-base balance;
secrete erythropoietin, which stimulates production of RBCs;
help regulate calclium homeostasis and bone metabolism by participating in systhesis of calcitriol;
clear hormones and drugs from blood;
detoxify free radicals;
support blood glucose level by synthesizing glucose from amino acids during tiems of extreme starvation
List four nitrogenous wastes and their metabolic sources
Ammonia (formed from -NH2 removed from amino acids), Urea(converted from ammonia by liver), Uric acid (produced by catabolism of nucleic acids), and Creatinine(created by catabolism of creatine phosphate)
Name some wastes eliminated by three systems other than the urinary system
carbon dioxide, water, inorganic salts, lactic acid, lipids, cholesterol, etc
What is a nephron?
a functional unit of the kidney
What affects the filtration coefficient?
surface area available for filtration and permeability of the filtration membrane
Starting at a renal papilla, what structures will urine flow through?
1: minor calyx,
2: Major calyx,
3: renal pelvis,
4: ureter
Name the capillary bed fed by an afferent arteriole and drained by an efferent arteriole
glomerulus
What is the inner layer of the kidneys?
Medulla
What is the outer layer of the kidneys?
Cortex
In glomerular filtration, blood is filtered to form what?
glomerular filtrate
What is the role of juxtaglomerular cells in renal autoregulation?
Dilate/constrict arterioles; release renin
What is the role of mesangial cells in renal autoregulation
dilate/constrict glomerular cpillaries
What is the role of macula densa in renal autoregulatioN
Monitor tubular fluid
What is the name of the tube that the renal pelvis of each kidney funnels urine into?
ureter
Which solutes are reabsorbed from the nephron loop?
Chloride, potassium ions, sodium ions
From deepest to most superficial, list the layers of connective tissues surrounding the kidney
1: Fibrous capsule,
2: Perirenal fat capsule
3: Renal fascia
Urine is conveyed out of the body by which tube?
urethra
In the kidney, tubular reabsorption refers to the movement of fluid and solutes where?
from the tubular fluid into the blood
The renal pyramids make up the layer of the kidney called what?
renal medulla
Describe mesangial cells
Cells between the arterioles and amongst the glomerular capillaries
Describe juxtaglomerular cells
Smooth muscle cells within wall of afferent arteriole
Describe Macula densa cells
Epithelial cells at the end of the nephron loop
Which arteriole carries blood from the glomerulus into the peritubular capillaries?
efferent
Place in order, from the blood side to the capsular space, the structures through which any filtered substance must pass in glomerular filtration
1: Fenestrated endothelium,
2: Basement membrane
3: Filtration slit
Which renal tubule segments are influenced by aldosterone
Distal convoluted tubule, ascending limb of nephron loop, collecting duct
What is the process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them from the body called?
Excretion
What is the process of moving the blood plasma from glomerulus to the glomerular capsule, where it becomes the filtrate?
Filtration
Which plasma protein is converted by renin to angiotensin I?
angiotensinogen
Which wastes are removed from the blood by tubular secretion?
urea, ammonia, bile acids
Starting with the renal artery, place the arteries carrying blood into the renal cortex in ordr
1: Renal artery
2: Segmental artery
3: Interlober artery
4: Arcuate artery
5: Cortical radiate artery
How do the kidneys regulate blood volume and blood?
By regulating water output
Nephrons classified as what have short nephron loops and their renal corpuscles are near the kidney surface?
cortical nephrons
What do a renal corpuscle and an attached renal tubule form?
nephron
Aspirin, penicillin, and other drugs are cleared from the blood via the kidneys by which process?
Tubular secretion
The openings of the ureters and the urethra mark a triangular area within the urinary bladder called what?
trigone
What are the two components of the renal corpuscle?
glomerular capsule and glomerulus
Which structure is composed of a proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct
Renal tubule
What can pass through the glomerular filtration membrane?
water, electrolytes, and glucose
What are the three segments of the male urethra?
prostatic urethra, spongy urethra, membranous urethra
What is the name of the horomone secreted by the kidneys to stimulate production of RBCs?
erythropoietin
What is the importance of the medullary ECF osmolarity gradient?
it allows the production of very concentrated urine
What are the specialzed water channels through which water is reabsorbed?
aquaporins
Which hormones regulate the amount of water and salt reabsorbed by the DCT and collecting duct?
Aldosterone, Atrial natriuretic peptide, and antidiuretic hormone
What is tubular secretion?
The movement of water and solutes from the blood into the tubular fluid
Renal clearance is the net effect of what three things?
Tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, and glomerular filtration
Net filtration pressure (NFP) takes into account what two pressures of the capsular fluid and capillary blood?
hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure
Which renal tubule segments are influenced by aldosterone?
Collectin Duct, Ascending limb of nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule
What is the primary function of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?
the reabsorption of water and salts
The most abundant cation in the glomerular filtrate is what?
sodium
Which segment of the renal tubule acts as a countercurrent multiplier?
nephron loop
