water, electrolyte, acid-base balance Flashcards
the two inorganic components
water and minerals
the inorganic substances that dissociate in body fluids to form ions
minerals
the ions formed in minerals
electrolytes
extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid are called what
fluid compartments
when water content remains stable over time; water gains equal water losses
fluid balance
where does water gains occur
digestive tract
where does water losses mostly occur
urination
a reduction in the water content of the body that develops when water losses outpace water gains; the osmotic concentration of plasma increases
dehydration
a rapid movement of water bw the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient
fluid shift
the state of the body in which ion gains and losses are equal
mineral balance
what is the significance of the body mineral, sodium
essential for normal membrane function
what is the significance of the body mineral, calcium
essential for normal muscle and neuron function and for normal bone structure
occurs across the epithelial lining of the small intestine and colon
ion absorption
occurs in the sweat gland secretions and kidney
ion excretion
primary site of ion loss
kidney
secondary site of ion loss
sweat gland secretions
when sodium gains equal sodium losses
sodium balance
when sodium gains exceed losses, the ECF volume does what?
increases
when sodium losses exceed gains, the ECF volume does what?
decreases
the secretion of this restricts water loss and stimulates thirst, promoting additional water consumption
ADH
causes increased urinary sodium retention and thus increases the sodium ion concentration in the ECF
aldosterone
responsible for regulating the potassium ion concentration of the ECF
kidneys
what causes potassium excretion
- when potassium concentration rise in the ECF
- under aldosterone stimulation
- when the ECF pH rises
the rate of potassium entry across the digestive epithelium and the rate of potassium loss into urine
potassium balance
when the production of hydrogen ions is precisely offset by their loss, and when the pH of body fluids remains within normal limits
acid-base balance
the negative exponent of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
pH
a solution with a pH of 7; the solution contains equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions
neutral
a solution with a pH below 7; in this solution, hydrogen ions predominate
acidic
a solution with a pH above 7; in this solution , hydroxide ions predominate
basic, or alkaline
a substance that dissociates to release hydrogen ions, decreasing pH
acid
a substance that dissociates to release hydroxide ions or to remove hydrogen ions, increasing pH
base
an ionic compound consisting of a cation other than a hydrogen ion and an anion other than a hydroxide ion
salt
a substance that tends to oppose changes in the pH of a solution by removing or replacing hydrogen ions
buffer
what is the physiological state that results from acidemia
acidosis
the physiological state that results from alkalemia
alkalosis
the condition in which plasma pH falls below 7.35
acidemia
when the plasma pH is above 7.45
alkalemia
name the 3 buffer systems
- phosphate buffer system
- protein buffer systems
- carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
important role in buffering the pH of the ICF and of urine
phosphate buffer system
contribute to the regulation of pH in the ECF and ICF
protein buffer systems
most important buffer system in the ECF
carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
the only intracellular buffer system that can have an immediate effect on the pH of body fluids
hemoglobin buffer system
absorb nutrients and ions, lowers the solute concentration in the lumen and elevate the solute concentration in the interstitial fluid of the lamina propria
intestinal epithelial cells
an exchange pump that ejects potassium ions while reabsorbing sodium ions
potassium secretion
who has more muscle mass
man
who has more fat
female
who has more water
male
why doesn’t women have more water
adipocytes do not hold water so women do not have more water
a liquid that reduces friction; extracellular fluid that separates by a membrane (barrier)
transcellular fluid
pushes out all solutes but RBC can’t leave
hydrostatic pressure
during water loss osmoreceptors sends a signal to the pituitary to release what to retain water
ADH
positively charged ion used in conduction of an impulse and contraction of a muscle
cations
maintains resting potential; stores energy inside the cell
potassium
- if too low, PTH from parathyroid goes to the bone and stimulates osteoclasts. Increases absorption in small intestine conserves in kidneys.
- if too high, calcitonin comes from the thyroid and stimulates osteoblasts
calcium
causes vasodilation and causes blood pressure to drop and heart failure
acidosis
causes hydrogen ions to drop
alkalosis
aerobic respiration of glucose
carbonic acid
anaerobic respiration of glucose
lactic acid
oxidation of sulfur containing amino acids
sulfuric acid
incomplete oxidation of fatty acids
acidic ketone bodies
hydrolysis of phosphoproteins and nucleic acids
phosphoric acid
first line of defense against pH shift
chemical buffer system
second line of defense against pH shift
physiological buffer system
