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Human A & P > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

provides the nutrients cells need for maintenance and growth

A

digestive system

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2
Q

muscular tube in the digestive system lined by a mucous epithelium also known as the gastrointestinal tract

A

digestive tract

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3
Q

name the accessory organs of the digestive system

A
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
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4
Q

the longest segment of the digestive tract

A

small intestine

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5
Q

a double sheet of peritoneal membrane that stabilizes the positions of the attached organs and prevent the intestines from becoming entangled during digestive movements or sudden changes in body position

A

mesentery

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6
Q

name the 2 layers of the mesentery

A
  • mesothelium

- areolar tissue

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7
Q

name the major layers of the digestive tract

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • serosa
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8
Q

inner lining of the digestive tract that is moisten by glandular secretions and a lamina propia of areolar tissue

A

mucosa

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9
Q

a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the mucosa and contains exocrine glands that secrete buffers and enzymes into the lumen of the digestive tract

A

submucosa

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10
Q

smooth muscle cells that contains two layers that play an essential role in mechanical processing and in the movement of materials along the digestive tract

A

muscularis externa

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11
Q

name the two layers of the muscularis externa

A
  • inner circular layer

- outer longitudinal layer

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12
Q

a layer of visceral peritoneum that covers the muscularis externa

A

serosa

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13
Q

a part of the serosa that firmly attaches the digestive tract to adjacent structures

A

adventitia

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14
Q

permanent transvers folds in the intestinal lining

A

plicae circulares

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15
Q

name the 3 components of the mucosa

A
  • villi
  • lamina propia
  • muscularis mucosae
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16
Q

small mucosal projections that stick into the lumen of the small intestine, and also increases the surface are available for absorption

A

villi

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17
Q

consists of a layer of areolar tissue

A

lamina propria

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18
Q

consists of two concentric layers of smooth muscle whose contractions alter the shape of the lumen and move the plicae and villi

A

muscularis mucosae

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19
Q

name the two layers of the muscularis mucosae

A
  • circular muscle layer

- longitudinal muscle layer

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20
Q

the inner layer of the muscularis mucosae that encircles the lumen

A

circular muscle layer

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21
Q

the outer layer of the muscularis mucosae that contains muscle cells oriented parallel to the long axis of the tract

A

longitudinal muscle layer

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22
Q

a nerve network that contains sensory neurons, parasympathetic ganglionic neurons, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers that innervate the mucosa and submucosa

A

submucosal plexus

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23
Q

a network of parasympathetic neurons, interneurons, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers that lies between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers

A

myenteric plexus

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24
Q

regulates movement of materials along internal passageways of the digestive tract and mechanical processing, lacks myofibrils and sacomeres, does not contain striations (nonstriated muscle)

A

smooth muscle

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25
Q

name the two types of smooth muscle in the digestive tract

A
  • multi-unit smooth muscle

- visceral smooth muscle

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26
Q

increases muscle tone and activity in the digestive system

A

parasympathetic nerves

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27
Q

promotes muscular inhibition and relaxation in the digestive system; inhibits digestion

A

sympathetic nerves

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28
Q

mechanical processing; cycles of contraction that churn and fragment the bolus, mixing the contents with intestinal secretions

A

segmentation

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29
Q

contractions that propel materials from one portion of the digestive tract to another; moving materials along the digestive tract; a wave of contraction in the circular muscles that forces the bolus forward

A

peristalsis

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30
Q

name the 3 major mechanisms that regulate and control the digestive activities

A
  • local factors
  • neural control mechanisms
  • hormonal control mechanisms
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31
Q

a reflex that is responsible for the wave of peristalsis moving along the intestine and that involves contraction of the digestive tube above and relaxation below the place where it is stimulated by an accumulated mass of food

A

myenteric reflex

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32
Q

stimuli for digestive activities, such as changes in pH or distortion of the intestinal lumen

A

local factors

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33
Q

involves myenteric reflexes

A

neural mechanisms

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34
Q

involves neuroendocrine cells

A

hormonal mechanisms

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35
Q

endocrine cells in the epithelium of the digestive tract

A

enteroendocrine cells

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36
Q

contains the tongue, salivary glands, and teeth, and receives secretions of the salivary glands; lined by the oral mucosa

A

oral cavity

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37
Q

what are the two movements of the digestive system

A
  • mixing food

- propelling food forward through the system

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38
Q

physically grinding and mixing w saliva

A

mastication

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39
Q

layer of the muscularis externa that squeezes closed like a sphincter

A

inner circular fibers

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40
Q

layer of muscularis externa that shortens

A

outer longitudinal fibers

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41
Q

name the 2 functions of the digestive system

A
  • digestion

- absorption

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42
Q

transport of digested nutrients into blood stream

A

absorption

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43
Q

breaking down of food

A

digestion

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44
Q

palate used for mastication

A

hard palate

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45
Q

palate used for swallowing

A

soft palate

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46
Q

covers the nasal cavity during swallowing

A

uvula

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47
Q

name the 4 different types of teeth

A
  • incisors
  • cuspids
  • bicuspids
  • molars
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48
Q

hardest structures in the body; not considered bones because they have two proteins not found in bones and their structure is different

A

teeth

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49
Q

what two things play a key role in swallowing

A
  • pharynx

- esophagus

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50
Q

an anatomical space that serves as a common passageway for solid food, liquids, and air

A

pharynx

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51
Q

a hollow muscular tube that conveys solid food and liquids to the stomach; the structure connecting the pharynx to the stomach

A

esophagus

52
Q

connective tissue outside of the muscularis externa that anchors the esophagus to the posterior body wall

A

adventitia

53
Q

a complex process that can be initiated voluntarily but proceeds automatically once it begins; swallowing

A

deglutition

54
Q

name the 3 parts of the pharynx

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
55
Q

part of pharynx that connects the nasal cavity to back of mouth

A

nasopharynx

56
Q

part of pharynx that located at the back of the mouth

A

oropharynx

57
Q

part of pharynx that is below the mouth to the larynx

A

laryngopharynx

58
Q

name the 3 stages of deglutition

A
  • buccal phase
  • pharyngeal phase
  • esophageal phase
59
Q

voluntary phase of deglutition where food is formed into a bolus and the tongue pushes the bolus to the back of the mouth

A

buccal phase

60
Q

the bolus contacts the palatal arches and moves into the esophagus

A

pharyngeal phase

61
Q

swallowing begins as pharyngeal muscles contract and the bolus is moved toward the stomach via peristaltic

A

esophageal phase

62
Q

prevents the backflow of materials from the stomach into the esophagus; closes opening to stomach

A

lower esophageal sphincter

63
Q

what 2 ways can the serous membrane be divided

A
  • visceral peritoneum

- parietal peritoneum

64
Q

a ventral body cavity lined by a serous membrane called the peritoneum

A

peritoneal cavity

65
Q

serosa that covers organs within the peritoneal cavity

A

visceral peritoneum

66
Q

lines the inner surfaces of the body wall

A

parietal peritoneum

67
Q

a muscular, expandable, J-shaped organ with three layers in the muscularis externa

A

stomach

68
Q

name the 4 regions of the stomach

A
  • cardia
  • fundus
  • body
  • pylorus
69
Q

secrete most of the acid and enzymes involved in gastric digestion and located in the fundus and body

A

gastric gland

70
Q

secrete intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid

A

parietal cells

71
Q

a glycoprotein that facilitates the absorption of vitaminB12 across the intestinal lining; required for absorption of B12 vitamins

A

intrinsic factor

72
Q

secrete pepsinogen

A

chief cells

73
Q

a sudden influx of bicarbonate ions into the bloodstream from active parietal cells; it causes a temporary increase in blood pH

A

alkaline tide

74
Q

protects epithelial cells against the acid and enzymes in the gastric lumen

A

alkaline mucous layer

75
Q

specialized for the absorption of nutrients

A

intestinal tract

76
Q

capillaries that carry absorbed nutrients to the hepatic portal circulation for delivery to the liver, which adjusts the nutrient concentrations in blood before the blood reaches the general systemic circulation

A

lamina propria

77
Q

lymphatic capillaries in the intestinal villi that transport absorbed fatty acids that cannot enter blood capillaries

A

lacteal

78
Q

plays the key role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients

A

small intestines

79
Q

name the 3 regions of the small intestines

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
80
Q

region of small intestine that receives chime from the stomach and neutralize its acids to avoid damaging the absorptive surfaces of the remaining regions of the small intestines

A

duodenum

81
Q

begins to break down proteins

A

pepsin

82
Q

acid that converts pepsinogen to pepsin

A

hydrochloric acid

83
Q

breaks down lipids

A

lipase

84
Q

name the 5 hormones that are involved in the regulation of digestive activities

A
  • gastrin
  • secretin
  • gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
  • cholecystokinin (CCK)
  • vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
85
Q

secreted by G cells in the pyloric antrum and enteroendocrine cells in the duodenum. promotes increased stomach motility and stimulating the production of gastric acids and enzymes

A

gastrin

86
Q

released when chime arrives in the duodenum; reduces gastric motility and secretory rates. primary effect is an increase in the secretion of bile (by the liver) and buffers ( by the pancreas) which in turn act to increase the pH of the chyme

A

secretin

87
Q

secreted when fats and carbohydrates enter the small intestine; stimulates duodenal gland activity, stimulates lipid synthesis in adipose tissue, and increasing glucose use by skeletal muscles

A

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

88
Q

secreted when chime arrives in the duodenum. it increases the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and push pancreatic secretions and bile into the duodenum. inhibits gastric activity, and it appears to have CNS effect that reduce the sensation of hunger

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

89
Q

stimulates the secretion of intestinal glands, dilates regional capillaries, and inhibits acid production in the stomach. it provides an efficient mechanism for removing absorbed nutrients

A

vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

90
Q

name the 3 phases of secretion

A
  • cephalic phase
  • gastric phase
  • intestinal phase
91
Q

begins when you see, smell, taste, or think of food. directed by the CNS and triggers the parasympathetic reflexes; prepares the stomach to receive food

A

cephalic phase

92
Q

begins with the arrival of food in the stomach and builds on the stimulation provided during the cephalic phase. during this period, gastrin stimulates contractions in the muscularis externa of the stomach and intestinal tract

A

gastric phase

93
Q

begins when chime first enters the small intestine, it controls the rate of gastric emptying to ensure that the secretory, digestive, and absorptive functions of the small intestine can proceed with reasonable efficiency; controls the rate of gastric emptying

A

intestinal phase

94
Q

inhibits both gastrin production and gastric contractions and stimulates the contraction of the pyloric sphincter, which prevents further discharge of chyme

A

enterogastric reflex

95
Q

name the two central reflexes triggered by stimulation of the stretch receptors in the stomach wall

A
  • gastroenteric reflex

- gastroileal reflex

96
Q

stimulates motility and secretion along the entire small intestine

A

gastroenteric reflex

97
Q

triggers the opening of the ileocecal valve, allowing materials to pass from the small intestine into the large intestine

A

gastroileal reflex

98
Q

functions include the reabsorption of water and the compaction of the intestinal contents into feces, the absorption of important vitamins liberated by bacterial action, and the storage of fecal material prior to defecation. consist of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum

A

large intestine

99
Q

name the 4 regions of the colon

A
  • ascending colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • transverse colon
100
Q

the exit of the anal canal

A

anus

101
Q

lubricate and moisten the mouth and initiate the digestion of complex carbohydrates; secretes saliva

A

salivary glands

102
Q

a mixture of glandular secretions in the mouth; a mixture of serous and mucous

A

saliva

103
Q

name the 3 pairs of salivary glands

A
  • sublingual salivary glands
  • submandibular salivary glands
  • parotid salivary glands
104
Q

salivary gland that produce secretion that acts as a buffer and lubricant

A

sublingual salivary glands

105
Q

salivary gland that secretes a mixture of buffers, mucins, and a salivary amylase. transport antibodies into the saliva, to provide additional protection against pathogens in food

A

submandibular salivary glands

106
Q

an enzyme that break down complex starches (complex carbohydrates)

A

salivary amylase

107
Q

drains the secretions of the parotid salivary gland and empties them into the vestibule at the level of the second upper molar

A

parotid duct

108
Q

salivary gland that produce a secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase

A

parotid salivary glands

109
Q

secrete mucins, water, and buffers

A

mucous cells

110
Q

secrete salivary amylase and lysozyme; transport antibodies from the interstitial fluid into the saliva

A

serous cells

111
Q

the largest internal organ and where bile is produced

A

liver

112
Q

produces bile which emulsifies lipids into smaller droplets

A

lipid metabolism

113
Q

deaminating amino acids, forming urea, synthesizing plasma proteins and clotting factors

A

protein metabolism

114
Q

stores bile produced by the liver and releases it into the small intestine

A

gallbladder

115
Q

name the 3 regions of the gallbladder

A
  • fundus
  • body
  • neck
116
Q

provides several digestive enzymes necessary for the breakdown of starches, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins

A

pancreas

117
Q

begins carbohydrate digestion by breaking down starch and glycogen to disaccharides

A

salivary amylase

118
Q

begins protein digestion

A

pepsin

119
Q

begins butterfat digestion

A

gastric lipase

120
Q

breaks down starch and glycogen into disaccharides

A

pancreatic amylase

121
Q

breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

A

pancreatic lipase

122
Q

breaks down peptides into amino acids

A

carboxypeptidase

123
Q

breaks down nucleic acids into nucleotides

A

nucleases

124
Q

breaks down peptides into amino acids

A

peptidase

125
Q

breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

A

intestinal lipase

126
Q

shortens trypsinogen into trypsin

A

enterokinase

Human A & P (10 decks)

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