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Human A & P > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

filter blood and remove metabolic waste products from the bloodstream to produce urine

A

kidneys

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2
Q

the passageway urine is eliminated

A

urinary tract

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3
Q

a fluid containing water, ions, and small soluble compounds

A

urine

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4
Q

how is urine moved

A

through gravity and contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of the ureters

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5
Q

receives the urine from the kidneys and conduct it to the urinary bladder (drains urine from the kidney)

A

ureters

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6
Q

receives and stores urine prior to its elimination from the body

A

urinary bladder

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7
Q

urine ejection that is driven by the contraction of smooth muscle layers in the walls of the urinary bladder

A

urination

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8
Q

a passageway that conducts urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior (drains bladder)

A

urethra

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9
Q

eliminates excess water, salts, and physiological wastes through the production of urine.

A

urinary system

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10
Q

the point of entry for the renal artery and nerves and the blood vessels servicing the kidney, and the point of exit for the renal vein and the ureter

A

hilum

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11
Q

name the 3 ways the position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity are maintained

A
  • the overlaying peritoneum
  • contact w adjacent visceral organs
  • supporting connective tissue
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12
Q

name the 3 connective tissue that stabilize and protect the kidneys

A
  • fibrous capsule
  • perinephric fat capsule
  • renal fascia
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13
Q

a layer of collagen fibers that covers the outer surface of the kidney and lines the renal sinus

A

fibrous capsule

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14
Q

a thick layer of adipose tissue that surrounds the fibrous capsule and helps hold kidneys in position against the posterior body wall

A

perinephric fat capsule

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15
Q

a dense, fibrous outer layer that anchors the kidney to surrounding structures

A

renal fascia

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16
Q

an internal cavity within the kidney where the fibrous capsule stabilizes the positions of the ureter, renal blood vessels, and renal nerves

A

renal sinus

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17
Q

the superficial portion of the kidney, in contact with the fibrous capsule

A

renal cortex

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18
Q

extends from the renal cortex to the renal sinus

A

renal medulla

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19
Q

a conical mass within the renal medulla that ends at the papilla

A

renal pyramid

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20
Q

the tip of the conically shaped renal pyramid that empties formed urine into the renal pelvis

A

renal papilla

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21
Q

a band of granular tissue that separates adjacent pyramids

A

renal column

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22
Q

consist of a renal pyramid, the overlying area of renal cortex, and adjacent tissues of the renal columns

A

kidney lobe

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23
Q

collects the urine produced by a single kidney lobe

A

minor calyx

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24
Q

form through the fusion of 4-5 minor calyces

A

major calyx

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25
Q

a large, funnel shaped structure that collects urine from the major calyces

A

renal pelvis

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26
Q

a microscopic structure that performs the essential functions of the kidney

A

nephron

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27
Q

the most abundant nephron responsible for most of the regulatory functions of the kidneys

A

cortical nephrons

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28
Q

nephron essential for the conservation of water and the production of concentrated urine

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

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29
Q

name the functions of the kidneys

A
  • regulate body fluids
  • remove metabolic waste
  • secrete
  • activates vitamin D
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30
Q

name the body fluids kidneys regulate

A
  • volume
  • composition
  • pH
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31
Q

what are the two items the kidneys secrete

A
  • erythropoietin

- rennin

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32
Q

controls rate of red blood cells production

A

erythropoietin

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33
Q

regulates blood pressure

A

rennin

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34
Q

what does vitamin D do for the kidneys

A

regulate absorption of calcium

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35
Q

what are the two things that the nephron consists of

A
  • renal corpuscle

- renal tubule

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36
Q

name the primary structures of the nephron

A
  • renal corpuscle
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • nephron loop
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37
Q

name the primary structures of the collecting system

A
  • collecting duct

- papillary duct

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38
Q

blood pressure forces water and dissolved solutes our of the glomerular capillaries and into a chamber, capsular space, that encloses the glomerulus

A

renal corpuscle

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39
Q

produced by filtration, and when modified by the renal tubule and collecting system leaves the kidneys as urine. Also called glomerular fluid and lacks proteins

A

filtrate

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40
Q

what are the two components of the renal corpuscle

A
  • glomerular capsule

- glomerulus

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41
Q

a knot of capillaries in the kidneys that projects into the enlarged, proximal end of a nephron; the site of filtration, the first step in the production of urine

A

glomerulus

42
Q

responsible for reabsorbing nutrients from the filtrate, tubular fluid

A

proximal convoluted tubule

43
Q

makes further adjustments in the composition of the tubular fluid through a combination of secretion and reabsorption

A

distal convoluted tubule

44
Q

promotes water reabsorption from tubular fluid in the nephron and collecting system

A

nephron loop

45
Q

receives the urine from individual nephrons and performs final adjustments in urine volume and composition before delivering it to minor calyx

A

collecting system

46
Q

carries tubular fluid through the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla

A

collecting duct

47
Q

collects tubular fluid from multiple collecting ducts and delivers it to a minor calyx

A

papillary duct

48
Q

system that supplies the kidneys

A

arterial system

49
Q

system that drains the kidneys

A

venous system

50
Q

each kidney receives blood through this artery that originates at the aorta near the origin of the superior mesenteric artery

A

renal artery

51
Q

form through the branching of the renal artery inside the renal sinus

A

segmental arteries

52
Q

branch from the segmental arteries and radiate outward within the renal columns

A

interlobar arteries

53
Q

originate at interlobar arteries and arch along the boundary bw the renal cortex and renal medulla

A

arcuate arteries

54
Q

supply the cortical portions of adjacent kidney lobes

A

cortical radiate arteries

55
Q

branch off the cortical radiate arteries supply blood to individual nephrons and delivers blood to the glomerulus

A

afferent arterioles

56
Q

where does the glomerulus distributes blood once received from the afferent arterioles

A

the capillaries of the nephron

57
Q

collect blood rom the capillaries of the nephrons

A

cortical radiate veins

58
Q

collect blood from associated cortical radiate veins

A

arcuate veins

59
Q

collect blood from arcuate veins and are drained directly into the renal vein

A

interlobar veins

60
Q

returns the blood to the inferior vena cava and then to the heart

A

renal vein

61
Q

why is the interlobar vein drained directly into the renal vein

A

bc there are no segmental veins

62
Q

both the nephron and the pertubular capillaries are surrounded by what interstitial fluid

A

peritubular fluid

63
Q

drain into small venules that carry blood to the cortical radiate veins

A

peritubular fluid

64
Q

delivers blood to the glomerulus; where blood enters

A

afferent arteriole

65
Q

carries blood from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries; where blood leaves

A

efferent arteriole

66
Q

collect water and solutes reabsorbed by the nephron, and deliver other solutes to the nephron for secretion

A

peritubular capillaries

67
Q

long, straight peritubular capillaries that parallel the nephron loop of a juxtamedullary nephron. Also contains capillaries that collect and transport water and solutes within the renal medulla

A

vasa recta

68
Q

identify the 3 distinct processes of urine formation in the kidney

A
  • filtration
  • reabsorption
  • secretion
69
Q

occurs in the renal corpuscle, across the membrane

A

filtration

70
Q

occurs along the pct and the descending limb of the nephron loop

A

water reabsorption

71
Q

occurs in the dct and collecting system

A

variable water reabsorption

72
Q

occurs along the pct, the ascending limb of the nephron loop, the dct, and the collecting system

A

solute reabsorption

73
Q

occurs at the pct, the dct, and the collecting system

A

variable solute reabsorption (secretion)

74
Q

occurs at the renal corpuscle

A

filtration

75
Q

forms the outer wall of the renal corpuscle and covers the glomerular capillaries

A

glomerular capsule

76
Q

separate the parietal and visceral layers of the glomerular capsule

A

capsular space

77
Q

delivers blood to peritubular capillaries and elevates the blood pressure within the glomerulus

A

efferent arteriole

78
Q

consists of specialized cells that secrete renin when glomerular blood pressure falls

A

juxtaglomerular complex

79
Q

delivers blood from a cortical radiate artery

A

afferent arteriole

80
Q

consists of large cells with complex processes that wrap around the specialized dense layer of the glomerular capillaries

A

visceral layer

81
Q

what are the cells in the visceral layer

A

-podocytes

82
Q

the feet of the podocytes

A

pedicels

83
Q

special supporting cells that contract or relax to control capillary diameter and the rate of capillary blood flow

A

mesangial cells

84
Q

the blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries. tends to push water and solute molecules out of the plasma and into the filtrate

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

85
Q

tends to draw water out of the filtrate and into the plasma; opposes filtration

A

blood colloid osmotic pressure

86
Q

the amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute

A

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

87
Q

name the two interacting levels of control stabilize GFR

A
  • autoregulation

- central regulation

88
Q

the kidneys adjust GFR in response to changes in the local environment at and around the nephrons

A

autoregulation

89
Q

elevates GFR if autoregulation is ineffective, involves multiple systems and mechanisms

A

central regulation

90
Q

the capsular space separates which layers of the glomerular capsule

A

parietal and visceral layers

91
Q

the first segment of the renal tubule

A

proximal convoluted tubule

92
Q

the last segment of the nephron and makes the final adjustments in the solute composition of the tubular fluid

A

distal convoluted tubule

93
Q

a smooth muscle in the mucosa that contracts and starts urination

A

detrusor muscle

94
Q

leads away from glomerular capsule, contains the loop of henle, proximal and distal convoluted tubules

A

renal tubule

95
Q

name the two items in the loop of henle

A
  • descending limb

- ascending limb

96
Q

where the dct touches afferent and efferent arterioles at the entrance to the glomerular capsule. functions to sense blood volume in order to release renin

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

97
Q

stimulates the production of Aldosterone

A

renin

98
Q

triggers the kidney to retain water which increases blood pressure

A

aldosterone

99
Q

large, smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole

A

juxtaglomerular cells

100
Q

the dense spot of juxtaglomerular apparatus that is densely packed, tall epithelium of dct

A

macula densa

Human A & P (10 decks)

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