Urinary System Flashcards
filter blood and remove metabolic waste products from the bloodstream to produce urine
kidneys
the passageway urine is eliminated
urinary tract
a fluid containing water, ions, and small soluble compounds
urine
how is urine moved
through gravity and contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of the ureters
receives the urine from the kidneys and conduct it to the urinary bladder (drains urine from the kidney)
ureters
receives and stores urine prior to its elimination from the body
urinary bladder
urine ejection that is driven by the contraction of smooth muscle layers in the walls of the urinary bladder
urination
a passageway that conducts urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior (drains bladder)
urethra
eliminates excess water, salts, and physiological wastes through the production of urine.
urinary system
the point of entry for the renal artery and nerves and the blood vessels servicing the kidney, and the point of exit for the renal vein and the ureter
hilum
name the 3 ways the position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity are maintained
- the overlaying peritoneum
- contact w adjacent visceral organs
- supporting connective tissue
name the 3 connective tissue that stabilize and protect the kidneys
- fibrous capsule
- perinephric fat capsule
- renal fascia
a layer of collagen fibers that covers the outer surface of the kidney and lines the renal sinus
fibrous capsule
a thick layer of adipose tissue that surrounds the fibrous capsule and helps hold kidneys in position against the posterior body wall
perinephric fat capsule
a dense, fibrous outer layer that anchors the kidney to surrounding structures
renal fascia
an internal cavity within the kidney where the fibrous capsule stabilizes the positions of the ureter, renal blood vessels, and renal nerves
renal sinus
the superficial portion of the kidney, in contact with the fibrous capsule
renal cortex
extends from the renal cortex to the renal sinus
renal medulla
a conical mass within the renal medulla that ends at the papilla
renal pyramid
the tip of the conically shaped renal pyramid that empties formed urine into the renal pelvis
renal papilla
a band of granular tissue that separates adjacent pyramids
renal column
consist of a renal pyramid, the overlying area of renal cortex, and adjacent tissues of the renal columns
kidney lobe
collects the urine produced by a single kidney lobe
minor calyx
form through the fusion of 4-5 minor calyces
major calyx
a large, funnel shaped structure that collects urine from the major calyces
renal pelvis
a microscopic structure that performs the essential functions of the kidney
nephron
the most abundant nephron responsible for most of the regulatory functions of the kidneys
cortical nephrons
nephron essential for the conservation of water and the production of concentrated urine
juxtamedullary nephrons
name the functions of the kidneys
- regulate body fluids
- remove metabolic waste
- secrete
- activates vitamin D
name the body fluids kidneys regulate
- volume
- composition
- pH
what are the two items the kidneys secrete
- erythropoietin
- rennin
controls rate of red blood cells production
erythropoietin
regulates blood pressure
rennin
what does vitamin D do for the kidneys
regulate absorption of calcium
what are the two things that the nephron consists of
- renal corpuscle
- renal tubule
name the primary structures of the nephron
- renal corpuscle
- proximal convoluted tubule
- distal convoluted tubule
- nephron loop
name the primary structures of the collecting system
- collecting duct
- papillary duct
blood pressure forces water and dissolved solutes our of the glomerular capillaries and into a chamber, capsular space, that encloses the glomerulus
renal corpuscle
produced by filtration, and when modified by the renal tubule and collecting system leaves the kidneys as urine. Also called glomerular fluid and lacks proteins
filtrate
what are the two components of the renal corpuscle
- glomerular capsule
- glomerulus
a knot of capillaries in the kidneys that projects into the enlarged, proximal end of a nephron; the site of filtration, the first step in the production of urine
glomerulus
responsible for reabsorbing nutrients from the filtrate, tubular fluid
proximal convoluted tubule
makes further adjustments in the composition of the tubular fluid through a combination of secretion and reabsorption
distal convoluted tubule
promotes water reabsorption from tubular fluid in the nephron and collecting system
nephron loop
receives the urine from individual nephrons and performs final adjustments in urine volume and composition before delivering it to minor calyx
collecting system
carries tubular fluid through the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla
collecting duct
collects tubular fluid from multiple collecting ducts and delivers it to a minor calyx
papillary duct
system that supplies the kidneys
arterial system
system that drains the kidneys
venous system
each kidney receives blood through this artery that originates at the aorta near the origin of the superior mesenteric artery
renal artery
form through the branching of the renal artery inside the renal sinus
segmental arteries
branch from the segmental arteries and radiate outward within the renal columns
interlobar arteries
originate at interlobar arteries and arch along the boundary bw the renal cortex and renal medulla
arcuate arteries
supply the cortical portions of adjacent kidney lobes
cortical radiate arteries
branch off the cortical radiate arteries supply blood to individual nephrons and delivers blood to the glomerulus
afferent arterioles
where does the glomerulus distributes blood once received from the afferent arterioles
the capillaries of the nephron
collect blood rom the capillaries of the nephrons
cortical radiate veins
collect blood from associated cortical radiate veins
arcuate veins
collect blood from arcuate veins and are drained directly into the renal vein
interlobar veins
returns the blood to the inferior vena cava and then to the heart
renal vein
why is the interlobar vein drained directly into the renal vein
bc there are no segmental veins
both the nephron and the pertubular capillaries are surrounded by what interstitial fluid
peritubular fluid
drain into small venules that carry blood to the cortical radiate veins
peritubular fluid
delivers blood to the glomerulus; where blood enters
afferent arteriole
carries blood from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries; where blood leaves
efferent arteriole
collect water and solutes reabsorbed by the nephron, and deliver other solutes to the nephron for secretion
peritubular capillaries
long, straight peritubular capillaries that parallel the nephron loop of a juxtamedullary nephron. Also contains capillaries that collect and transport water and solutes within the renal medulla
vasa recta
identify the 3 distinct processes of urine formation in the kidney
- filtration
- reabsorption
- secretion
occurs in the renal corpuscle, across the membrane
filtration
occurs along the pct and the descending limb of the nephron loop
water reabsorption
occurs in the dct and collecting system
variable water reabsorption
occurs along the pct, the ascending limb of the nephron loop, the dct, and the collecting system
solute reabsorption
occurs at the pct, the dct, and the collecting system
variable solute reabsorption (secretion)
occurs at the renal corpuscle
filtration
forms the outer wall of the renal corpuscle and covers the glomerular capillaries
glomerular capsule
separate the parietal and visceral layers of the glomerular capsule
capsular space
delivers blood to peritubular capillaries and elevates the blood pressure within the glomerulus
efferent arteriole
consists of specialized cells that secrete renin when glomerular blood pressure falls
juxtaglomerular complex
delivers blood from a cortical radiate artery
afferent arteriole
consists of large cells with complex processes that wrap around the specialized dense layer of the glomerular capillaries
visceral layer
what are the cells in the visceral layer
-podocytes
the feet of the podocytes
pedicels
special supporting cells that contract or relax to control capillary diameter and the rate of capillary blood flow
mesangial cells
the blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries. tends to push water and solute molecules out of the plasma and into the filtrate
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
tends to draw water out of the filtrate and into the plasma; opposes filtration
blood colloid osmotic pressure
the amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
name the two interacting levels of control stabilize GFR
- autoregulation
- central regulation
the kidneys adjust GFR in response to changes in the local environment at and around the nephrons
autoregulation
elevates GFR if autoregulation is ineffective, involves multiple systems and mechanisms
central regulation
the capsular space separates which layers of the glomerular capsule
parietal and visceral layers
the first segment of the renal tubule
proximal convoluted tubule
the last segment of the nephron and makes the final adjustments in the solute composition of the tubular fluid
distal convoluted tubule
a smooth muscle in the mucosa that contracts and starts urination
detrusor muscle
leads away from glomerular capsule, contains the loop of henle, proximal and distal convoluted tubules
renal tubule
name the two items in the loop of henle
- descending limb
- ascending limb
where the dct touches afferent and efferent arterioles at the entrance to the glomerular capsule. functions to sense blood volume in order to release renin
juxtaglomerular apparatus
stimulates the production of Aldosterone
renin
triggers the kidney to retain water which increases blood pressure
aldosterone
large, smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole
juxtaglomerular cells
the dense spot of juxtaglomerular apparatus that is densely packed, tall epithelium of dct
macula densa
