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Cellular Biology > Water Balance > Flashcards

Water Balance Flashcards

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1
Q

Our body weight is how much % water

A

60%

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2
Q

Water weight is mostly found?

A

Intracellular

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3
Q

What is a flickering cluster

A

Water molecules joined together transiently in a H bond lattice

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4
Q

At 37 degrees Celsius what happens to water molecules

A

15% of the water molecules are joined together to four others

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5
Q

Because of the polarization of water what can two molecules of water form

A

A linkage known as H bond

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6
Q

T or F

Covalent bonds are equally strong as H bonds

A

False

H bonds are not as strong

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7
Q

What is a solution

A

Substance dissolved in liquid

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8
Q

What is a solute

A

Dissolved substance

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9
Q

What is a solvent

A

The liquid

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10
Q

Hydrophilic molecules (3)

A

Dissolve readily
NaCl
Urea

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11
Q

Why cant hydrocarbons be surrounded by water

A

Because of the h-c bonds

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12
Q

What is molar concentration (2)

A

The number of osmotic active particles

Determines osmotic pressure

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13
Q

The osmotic pressure exerted by particles in a solution is determined by

A

Number of particles

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14
Q

T or F

The osmotic pressure exerted by particles in a solution is determined by mass of particle

A

False

By number of particles

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15
Q

What is osmosis

A

Movement of water from one part to another

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16
Q

What is molarity

A

Amount of substances per unit volume (mol/L)

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17
Q

What is molality

A

Amount of substance per unit mass of solvent

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18
Q

In living organisms, what is used to describe the concentration of solutes in a solution?

Why?

A

Molality over molarity

Because volume is temperature dependent

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19
Q

What is a molar

A

Concentration of a substance in a liquid

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20
Q

The extracellular compartment is

A

4% plasma

16% interstitial fluid

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21
Q

The intracellular compartment is

A

40% water

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22
Q

Water in the interstitium can be found in the form of (3)

A

A gel, virulets of free fluid, and as free fluid vesicles

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23
Q

About 1% of interstitial fluid is called what

A

Transcellular water

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24
Q

Where is the transcellular water located (8)

A 
Lymph in lymphatic nodes
Cerebrospinal fluid in brain
Synovial fluid in joints
Aq. Humour and vitreous body in eyes
Endolymph in ears
Pleural
Pericardial and peritoneal fluids between serous membranes
Glomerular filter in kidneys
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25
Q

Water intake (3)

A

Ingest liquid
Ingest food
Produce water in respiration

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26
Q

Water loss is by (4)

A

Kidneys
Skin
Lungs
GIT or feces

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27
Q

An animal is in fluid balance when

A

The amount of water gained each day is equal to the amount loss to environment

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28
Q

What is the main way of water regulation in the body

A

By adjusting the volume of water performed of water intake

Either by drinking more or less fluid

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29
Q

How can you loss water(4)

A

Sweat
Urine
Feces
Insensitive prespiration

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30
Q

How can you gain water (3)

A

Eating
Drinking
Metabolic generation

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31
Q

What is insensitive prespiration

A

Gradual movement of water across the skin and respiratory tract

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32
Q

What is metabolic generation

A

Production of water within cells as a result of oxidative phosphorylation within mitochondria

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33
Q

What separates the intracellular fluid from the interstitial fluid

A

The plasma membrane

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34
Q

What divides the interstitial fluid from blood plasma

A

Blood vessel walls

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35
Q

How can the body fluid move around (4)

A

Blood
Nutrients
Oxygen
Interstitial fluid

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36
Q

Blood

A

Vehicle for transport and exchange of materials between body cells and outside

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37
Q

Nutrients

A

Enter blood for distribution to tissues throughout the body

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38
Q

Oxygen from blood

A

Wastes can be excreted through urine, exhaled by lungs or follow some other route

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39
Q

The exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid occurs across

A

The capillary walls

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40
Q

The exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid happens in three ways

A

Vesicular transport
Diffusion
Bulk flow

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41
Q

Substances in blood plasma cross the capillary wall 1st by _____ into a _______ cell and then by _______ into IF

A

Endocytosis
Endothelial cell
Exocytosis

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42
Q

Vesicular transport accounts for

A

Only a small fraction of the exchange

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43
Q

What uses the vesicular transport

A

Exchangeable proteins

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44
Q

T or F

Most substances are exchanged through vesicular transport

A

False

By difussion

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45
Q

Examples of diffusion (2)

A

Exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and lungs

Solutes like glucose down their concentration gradients

46
Q

Bulk flow consists

A

Of filtration and reabsorption

47
Q

What is filtration

A

Net movement of material from blood to IF

48
Q

Reabsorption is

A

From IF to blood

49
Q

Filtration predominates where

A

At arteolar en of capillaries

50
Q

Reabsorption predominates where

A

Venule end of capillaries

51
Q

What happens to the fluid that is not reabsorbed by venous system

A

Passes into lymphatic capillaries

52
Q

Movement of water in body is mainly controlled by

A

Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

53
Q

What is edema

A

Movement of abnormal amount of water from plasma onto IF

54
Q

Osmotic pressure does what

A

Stops the water movement to more concentrated area

55
Q

Physiological adjustments are regulated primarily by

A

Hormones

56
Q

What are electrolytes

A

Compounds that dissociate into ions when in solution and are able to conduct electricity

57
Q

Functions of electrolytes (3)

A

Facilitates the osmotic movement of water between body compartments
Help maintain the H ion concentration
Crucial to the production and maintenance of membrane potential and action potentials

58
Q

Major cations of EC

A

Sodium

59
Q

Major anion of EC

A

Cl

60
Q

Major cation IC

A

K potassium

61
Q

Major anion IC

A

Phosphate

62
Q

EC compounds

A

Sodium
Chloride
Bicarbonate

63
Q

IC compounds

A

Potassium
Magnesium
Phosphate

64
Q

Chloride is involved with (2)

A

Formation of HCl in stomach

Transmission of nerve impulses

65
Q

Magnesium is involved in (2)

A

Enzyme activation

Neuromuscular transmission

66
Q

Potassium is involved with (3)

A

Regulation of water and electrolytes content ICF
Transmission nerve impulses
Acid base balance

67
Q

Sodium is involved with (5)

A 
Regulation of fluid volume within ECF
Increases plasma membrane permeability
Controls body water distribution
Acid base balance
Nerve impulse transmission
68
Q

T or F

The IC and EC osmolality are independently different

A

False

Same

69
Q

Transcellular fluid is important for

A

Function but represents an insignificant fraction of the total body water

70
Q

What is afluid shift

A

Water movement between ECF and ICF

Shifts occur in response to changes in osmolality of ECF

71
Q

If osmolality EC increases what would happen

A

Becomes HYPERTONIC

water will then move from cells into ECF until osmotic equilibrium is restored

72
Q

If osmolality EC decreases

A

Becomes HYPOTONIC

water will move from EC into cells and volume of ICC will increase

73
Q

What is tonicity

A

Refers to the effective osmotic pressure, whether moveme t of water will cause cell to change in size

74
Q

What is isotonic

A

Solution which causes a cell to neither shrink or swell

75
Q

Hypotonic

A

Causes cell to swell

76
Q

Hypertonic

A

Causes cell shrinkage

77
Q

What mechanosensors stimulate the ion flow OUTFLOW causing expansion

A

K

Cl

78
Q

What mechanosensors stimulate the ion flow INFLOW AND CAUSES SHRINKAGE

A

Na
Cl
K

79
Q

Net water losses or ______

Will

A

Hypovolemia

Increase ecf osmolality

80
Q

What is sensible water loss

A

Vol that can be measured

81
Q

Non sensed water loss

A

Cannot be regulated nor measured

82
Q

Dehydration is

A

Reduced fluid volume less than normal

83
Q

Hypertonic dehydration (4)

A

Most common
Water loss exceeds electrolytes loss
Increase ECF osmolality
Increase ICF osmolality

84
Q

Isotonic dehydration

A

Water loss equals electrolytes loss

85
Q

Hypotonic dehydration

A

Loss of electrolytes exceeds water loss

Osmolality of ECF decreases

86
Q

Overhydration is

A

Fluis volume is greater than normal

Hypervolemia

87
Q

Hypertonic overhydration

A

Gain of electrolytes is greater than gain of water

88
Q

Isotonic overhydration (3)

A

Gain isotonic fluid
Increased ECF
Error in fluid administration

89
Q

Hypotonic overhydration

A

Gain of water
Electrolytes unchanged
Decreased ECF and ICC osmolality

90
Q

What are the main causes for water loss (4)

A

Vomiting
Diarrhea
Hemorrhage
Hyperventilation

91
Q

What happens when fluid is being lost in regards to salt

A

Salt will get more concentrated in the ECF

92
Q

What are the hormones that regulate water loss (3)

A

ADH
Aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

93
Q

Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus include neurons that secrete

A

ADH

94
Q

Where is ADH

A

In the anterior hypothalamus but is released from the post pituitary gland

95
Q

T or F

The greater the osmolality the less release of ADH will occur

A

False

96
Q

What are the effects of ADH (2)

A

Stimulate water conservation in the kidneys reducing urinary water loos and urine
Stimulate thirst center to promote drinking of fluid

97
Q

Aldosterone is secreted by

A

Adrenal cortex

98
Q

What is a role of aldosterone

A

Role in determining the rate of sodium absorption in kidneys

99
Q

Secretion and release of aldosterone occurs in response to what

A

To activating of the renin angiotensin system

100
Q

Fall in plasma volume or blood pressure increases the secretion of

A

Aldosterone

101
Q

Rise in ECF osmolarity accompanied by water deprivation will do what in regards to aldosterone

A

Will reduce its release which will decrease renal Na reabsorption and increase in urinary excretion of Na

102
Q

Increase K leves will stimulate the secretion of what

And cause

A

Aldosterone

Causing the kidneys to eliminate excess K

103
Q

ANP is released by

A

Cardiac muscle cells in response to abnormal stretching of the atrial walls

104
Q

Abnormal stretching of the atrial walls can be caused by

A

Elevated blood pressure or increase in blood volume

105
Q

How can ANP reduce blood volume and pressure (4)

A

Increase water loss in kidney
Reduce thirst
Blocking the release of ADH
Stimulating peripheral vasodilation

106
Q

The compartment volume is calculated as

A

Amount of tracer/ concentration of tracer

107
Q

A tracer should (7)

A

Be non toxic
Be rapidly and evenly distributed throughout the nominated compartment
Not enter any other compartment
Not be metabolized
Not be excreted during equilibration period
Easy to measure
Not interfere with fluid distribution

108
Q

What are the ionics (3) used for a tracer

A

82 Br
35 SO4
Chloride isotopes

109
Q

What are the crystalloids used by a tracer (2)

A

Mannitol

Inulin

110
Q

T or F

Crystalloids are larger and less diffusable throughout the EC so do not enter cells

A

True

Cellular Biology (13 decks)

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