Water Balance Flashcards
1
Q
Our body weight is how much % water
A
60%
2
Q
Water weight is mostly found?
A
Intracellular
3
Q
What is a flickering cluster
A
Water molecules joined together transiently in a H bond lattice
4
Q
At 37 degrees Celsius what happens to water molecules
A
15% of the water molecules are joined together to four others
5
Q
Because of the polarization of water what can two molecules of water form
A
A linkage known as H bond
6
Q
T or F
Covalent bonds are equally strong as H bonds
A
False
H bonds are not as strong
7
Q
What is a solution
A
Substance dissolved in liquid
8
Q
What is a solute
A
Dissolved substance
9
Q
What is a solvent
A
The liquid
10
Q
Hydrophilic molecules (3)
A
Dissolve readily
NaCl
Urea
11
Q
Why cant hydrocarbons be surrounded by water
A
Because of the h-c bonds
12
Q
What is molar concentration (2)
A
The number of osmotic active particles
Determines osmotic pressure
13
Q
The osmotic pressure exerted by particles in a solution is determined by
A
Number of particles
14
Q
T or F
The osmotic pressure exerted by particles in a solution is determined by mass of particle
A
False
By number of particles
15
Q
What is osmosis
A
Movement of water from one part to another
16
Q
What is molarity
A
Amount of substances per unit volume (mol/L)
17
Q
What is molality
A
Amount of substance per unit mass of solvent
18
Q
In living organisms, what is used to describe the concentration of solutes in a solution?
Why?
A
Molality over molarity
Because volume is temperature dependent
19
Q
What is a molar
A
Concentration of a substance in a liquid
20
Q
The extracellular compartment is
A
4% plasma
16% interstitial fluid
21
Q
The intracellular compartment is
A
40% water
22
Q
Water in the interstitium can be found in the form of (3)
A
A gel, virulets of free fluid, and as free fluid vesicles
23
Q
About 1% of interstitial fluid is called what
A
Transcellular water
24
Q
Where is the transcellular water located (8)
A
Lymph in lymphatic nodes Cerebrospinal fluid in brain Synovial fluid in joints Aq. Humour and vitreous body in eyes Endolymph in ears Pleural Pericardial and peritoneal fluids between serous membranes Glomerular filter in kidneys
25
Water intake (3)
Ingest liquid
Ingest food
Produce water in respiration
26
Water loss is by (4)
Kidneys
Skin
Lungs
GIT or feces
27
An animal is in fluid balance when
The amount of water gained each day is equal to the amount loss to environment
28
What is the main way of water regulation in the body
By adjusting the volume of water performed of water intake
| Either by drinking more or less fluid
29
How can you loss water(4)
Sweat
Urine
Feces
Insensitive prespiration
30
How can you gain water (3)
Eating
Drinking
Metabolic generation
31
What is insensitive prespiration
Gradual movement of water across the skin and respiratory tract
32
What is metabolic generation
Production of water within cells as a result of oxidative phosphorylation within mitochondria
33
What separates the intracellular fluid from the interstitial fluid
The plasma membrane
34
What divides the interstitial fluid from blood plasma
Blood vessel walls
35
How can the body fluid move around (4)
Blood
Nutrients
Oxygen
Interstitial fluid
36
Blood
Vehicle for transport and exchange of materials between body cells and outside
37
Nutrients
Enter blood for distribution to tissues throughout the body
38
Oxygen from blood
Wastes can be excreted through urine, exhaled by lungs or follow some other route
39
The exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid occurs across
The capillary walls
40
The exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid happens in three ways
Vesicular transport
Diffusion
Bulk flow
41
Substances in blood plasma cross the capillary wall 1st by _____ into a _______ cell and then by _______ into IF
Endocytosis
Endothelial cell
Exocytosis
42
Vesicular transport accounts for
Only a small fraction of the exchange
43
What uses the vesicular transport
Exchangeable proteins
44
T or F
| Most substances are exchanged through vesicular transport
False
| By difussion
45
Examples of diffusion (2)
Exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and lungs
| Solutes like glucose down their concentration gradients
46
Bulk flow consists
Of filtration and reabsorption
47
What is filtration
Net movement of material from blood to IF
48
Reabsorption is
From IF to blood
49
Filtration predominates where
At arteolar en of capillaries
50
Reabsorption predominates where
Venule end of capillaries
51
What happens to the fluid that is not reabsorbed by venous system
Passes into lymphatic capillaries
52
Movement of water in body is mainly controlled by
Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
53
What is edema
Movement of abnormal amount of water from plasma onto IF
54
Osmotic pressure does what
Stops the water movement to more concentrated area
55
Physiological adjustments are regulated primarily by
Hormones
56
What are electrolytes
Compounds that dissociate into ions when in solution and are able to conduct electricity
57
Functions of electrolytes (3)
Facilitates the osmotic movement of water between body compartments
Help maintain the H ion concentration
Crucial to the production and maintenance of membrane potential and action potentials
58
Major cations of EC
Sodium
59
Major anion of EC
Cl
60
Major cation IC
K potassium
61
Major anion IC
Phosphate
62
EC compounds
Sodium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
63
IC compounds
Potassium
Magnesium
Phosphate
64
Chloride is involved with (2)
Formation of HCl in stomach
| Transmission of nerve impulses
65
Magnesium is involved in (2)
Enzyme activation
| Neuromuscular transmission
66
Potassium is involved with (3)
Regulation of water and electrolytes content ICF
Transmission nerve impulses
Acid base balance
67
Sodium is involved with (5)
```
Regulation of fluid volume within ECF
Increases plasma membrane permeability
Controls body water distribution
Acid base balance
Nerve impulse transmission
```
68
T or F
| The IC and EC osmolality are independently different
False
| Same
69
Transcellular fluid is important for
Function but represents an insignificant fraction of the total body water
70
What is afluid shift
Water movement between ECF and ICF
| Shifts occur in response to changes in osmolality of ECF
71
If osmolality EC increases what would happen
Becomes HYPERTONIC
| water will then move from cells into ECF until osmotic equilibrium is restored
72
If osmolality EC decreases
Becomes HYPOTONIC
| water will move from EC into cells and volume of ICC will increase
73
What is tonicity
Refers to the effective osmotic pressure, whether moveme t of water will cause cell to change in size
74
What is isotonic
Solution which causes a cell to neither shrink or swell
75
Hypotonic
Causes cell to swell
76
Hypertonic
Causes cell shrinkage
77
What mechanosensors stimulate the ion flow OUTFLOW causing expansion
K
| Cl
78
What mechanosensors stimulate the ion flow INFLOW AND CAUSES SHRINKAGE
Na
Cl
K
79
Net water losses or ______
| Will
Hypovolemia
| Increase ecf osmolality
80
What is sensible water loss
Vol that can be measured
81
Non sensed water loss
Cannot be regulated nor measured
82
Dehydration is
Reduced fluid volume less than normal
83
Hypertonic dehydration (4)
Most common
Water loss exceeds electrolytes loss
Increase ECF osmolality
Increase ICF osmolality
84
Isotonic dehydration
Water loss equals electrolytes loss
85
Hypotonic dehydration
Loss of electrolytes exceeds water loss
| Osmolality of ECF decreases
86
Overhydration is
Fluis volume is greater than normal
| Hypervolemia
87
Hypertonic overhydration
Gain of electrolytes is greater than gain of water
88
Isotonic overhydration (3)
Gain isotonic fluid
Increased ECF
Error in fluid administration
89
Hypotonic overhydration
Gain of water
Electrolytes unchanged
Decreased ECF and ICC osmolality
90
What are the main causes for water loss (4)
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Hemorrhage
Hyperventilation
91
What happens when fluid is being lost in regards to salt
Salt will get more concentrated in the ECF
92
What are the hormones that regulate water loss (3)
ADH
Aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
93
Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus include neurons that secrete
ADH
94
Where is ADH
In the anterior hypothalamus but is released from the post pituitary gland
95
T or F
| The greater the osmolality the less release of ADH will occur
False
96
What are the effects of ADH (2)
Stimulate water conservation in the kidneys reducing urinary water loos and urine
Stimulate thirst center to promote drinking of fluid
97
Aldosterone is secreted by
Adrenal cortex
98
What is a role of aldosterone
Role in determining the rate of sodium absorption in kidneys
99
Secretion and release of aldosterone occurs in response to what
To activating of the renin angiotensin system
100
Fall in plasma volume or blood pressure increases the secretion of
Aldosterone
101
Rise in ECF osmolarity accompanied by water deprivation will do what in regards to aldosterone
Will reduce its release which will decrease renal Na reabsorption and increase in urinary excretion of Na
102
Increase K leves will stimulate the secretion of what
| And cause
Aldosterone
Causing the kidneys to eliminate excess K
103
ANP is released by
Cardiac muscle cells in response to abnormal stretching of the atrial walls
104
Abnormal stretching of the atrial walls can be caused by
Elevated blood pressure or increase in blood volume
105
How can ANP reduce blood volume and pressure (4)
Increase water loss in kidney
Reduce thirst
Blocking the release of ADH
Stimulating peripheral vasodilation
106
The compartment volume is calculated as
Amount of tracer/ concentration of tracer
107
A tracer should (7)
Be non toxic
Be rapidly and evenly distributed throughout the nominated compartment
Not enter any other compartment
Not be metabolized
Not be excreted during equilibration period
Easy to measure
Not interfere with fluid distribution
108
What are the ionics (3) used for a tracer
82 Br
35 SO4
Chloride isotopes
109
What are the crystalloids used by a tracer (2)
Mannitol
| Inulin
110
T or F
| Crystalloids are larger and less diffusable throughout the EC so do not enter cells
True
