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Cellular Biology > Cell Membrane > Flashcards

Cell Membrane Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

T OR F

Antiparallel processes happen in the same compartment

A

FALSE.

Anabolic and catabolic processes are separated compartments so there is no competition for substrate or interference in the reaction

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2
Q

AN EXAMPLE OF ANTIPARALLEL PROCESSING

A

F.A. synthesis in the CYTOSOL and F.A. oxidation in mitochondria

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3
Q

T OR F

SIMILAR REACTIONS WITH DIFFERENCES PURPOSES DO NOT NEED TO BE IN SEPARATED COMPARTMENTS

A

FALSE

Similar reactions with DIFFERENT purposes are separated

Ex. F.A. oxidation in mitochondria for energy production, and in peroxide for heat production

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4
Q

Coordination of reactions are involved in?

A

The same pathway

Ex. TCA and ETC are central point of energy metabolism in cells and are located in the mitochondria

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5
Q

T OR F

NO BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANE = NO LIFE

A

TRUE

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6
Q

Functions of the plasma membrane (3)

A
  1. Regulated the movement of material into and out of the cell
  2. Facilitated electrical signaling between cells
  3. Defines the boundaries of organelles and separates complex chemical reactions
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7
Q

T OR F

PLASMA MEMBRANE LACKS OF PROTEINS

A

FALSE

IS FILLED WITH PROTEINS

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8
Q

Cell membrane are _____ ______ ________ and most of their fluid structure ____ in the plane of the membrane

A

Dynamic fluid structure

Move

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9
Q

T OR F

THE LIPID BILAYER IS ABOUT 5 NM THIN

A

FALSE

IS 5NM THICK

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10
Q

WHAT DOES THE LIPID BILAYER PROVIDE ?

A

Provides the fluid structure of the membrane and serves as a relatively impermeable barrier to the passage of most water soluble molecules

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11
Q

What do some of the membrane protein do

A

They span the lipid bilayer and mediate many functions of the membrane such as transport and catalysis reactions

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12
Q

Transmembrane proteins serve as

A

Structural links that connect the Cytoskeleton through lipid bilayer to either the extracellular matrix or an adjacent cell

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13
Q

Other functions of proteins in membrane

A

Receptors to detect and transducer signals

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14
Q

What is the freeze-fracture technique?

A

Method to study cell membrane by physically breaking apart (fracturing) a frozen sample of layer

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15
Q

What are the components of a membrane (6)

A 
Lipids - phospholipids, glycolipids
Proteins- integral and peripheral
Carbohydrates
Water
Dialing bonds
Cholesterin
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16
Q

What are the 3 main lipids in the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipids
Sphingolipids
Cholesterol

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17
Q

T OR F

The plasma is 5-10 nm thick

A

TRUE

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18
Q

Characteristics of the plasma membrane (4)

A

Thin, pliable, elastic structure 5-10 nm thick

Impedes penetration by water soluble substances

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19
Q

Properties of cell membrane (6)

A
  1. Separates the cellular interior from exterior
  2. Exchanges information with the environment in a controlled manner
  3. Extremely dynamic
  4. Membrane get information from cell about metabolic status
  5. Selective barrier
  6. Contain enzymes and receptors
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20
Q

The phospholipids molecules have a polar and non polar parts. Which one is hydrophobic and which one is hydrophilic?

A

Polar is hydrophilic

Non polar is hydrophobic

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21
Q

What molecules are in the polar head

A

Glycerol
Choline
Phosphate

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22
Q

T or F

Hydrocarbon tails are in the hydrophobic end of the phospholipid molecules

A

True

They’re in the non polar end which is hydrophobic

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23
Q

What are the 4 major phospholipids molecules found in mammals

A
  1. Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine
  2. Phosphatidyl-serine
  3. Sphingomyelin
  4. Sphingosine
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24
Q

From the four major phospholipids found in mammals which one is/are Sphingolipids?

A

Sphingosine

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25
Q

From the four major phospholipids found in mammals which one is/are Phosphoglycerides?

A

Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine
Phosphatidyl-serine
Sphyngomyelin

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26
Q

T or F

Phospholipids form Michelle or bilayer in aqueous environments

A

TRUE

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27
Q

What molecules form micelles

A

Cone shaped ampiphilic molecules

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28
Q

What molecules form bilayers

A

Cylinder shaped phospholipids

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29
Q

T OR F

THE SPONTANEOUS CLOSURE OF A PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER TO FORM A SEALED COMPARTMENT IS ENERGICALLY NON FAVORABLE

A

FALSE IS MOST ENERGICALLY FAVORABLE

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30
Q

How do phospholipids move in the lipid bilayer?

A

Through transversal or lateral diffusion

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31
Q

T OR F

Lateral diffusion occurs more often than transferal diffusion

A

TRUE

IT IS EASIER TO MOVE LATERALY THAN ACROSS

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32
Q

Fluidity of the lipid bilayer depends on

A

Its composition and the temperature on which it was analyzed

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33
Q

What is phase transition

A

Change of lipid bilayer from liquid state to a two dimensional rigid crystalline state (gel)

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34
Q

What happens to the phase transitions if the phospholipids chains are shorter and have double bonds

A

The phase transition and the temperature at which it occurs are lower

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35
Q

T OR F

Lipid bilayer is stabilized by hydrophilic interactions between lipid fatty acid chain

A

FALSE

STABILIZED BY HYDROPHOBIC

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36
Q

fluidity depends on

A

Lipid composition
Cholesterin content
Temperature

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37
Q

What happens to the lipids if temperature is low

A

They show less movement, so its in a paracrystaline state. More rigid.

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38
Q

What happens to the lipids if temperatures are high

A

More fluidity

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39
Q

T or F
Shorter chains increase the tendency of hydrocarbon tails to interact with one another so that the membrane remains fluid at low temperatures

A

FALSE

REDUCE THE TENDENCY

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40
Q

T OR F

MORE CHOLESTEROL LESS FLUIDITY

A

FALSE

MORE FLUIDITY

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41
Q

how do we demonstrate membrane fluidity?

A

Fluorescent microscopy and FRAP

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42
Q

WHAT IS FRAP

A

FLUORESCENCE RECOVERY AFTER PHOTOBLEACHING

43
Q

CONTEXT OF CELL(4)

A

Extracellular tissue
Basal lamina
Connective tissue
Collagen fibers

44
Q

What can you find in the connective tissue

A

The Extracellular matrix with the fibroblast and collagen

45
Q

Fibroblast produce

A

Collagen

46
Q

T OR F

MACROMOLECULES IN THE ECM ARE MAINLY PRODUCED LOCALLY BY FIBROBLASTS IN THE MATRIX

A

FALSE

BY CELLS IN THE MATRIX

47
Q

WHAT ARE THE MAJOR CLASSES OF MACROMOLECULES

A

GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS GAGS
COLLAGEN
NON COLLAGEN FIBROUS PROTEINS

48
Q

WHAT ARE THE NON COLLAGEN FIBROUS PROTEINS

A

LAMININ
NIDOGEN
FIBRONECTIN

49
Q

WHAT IS COLLAGEN

A

fibrous, ling, stiff, triple stranded helical protein, rich in praline, glycine and is glycosylated

50
Q

The human genome contains how many genes coding for different collagen chains?

A

42

51
Q

Type 1 collagen

A

Skin, bone, cornea, internal organs, tendons

52
Q

Type 2 collagen

A

Cartilage, inverters disc, notochord

53
Q

Type 3 collagen

A

Skin, blood vessels, internal organs

54
Q

T OR F

TYPE 1 AND 2 COLLAGENS ARE IN THE SKIN AND INTERNAL ORGANS

A

FALSE IS 1 AND 3

55
Q

Elastin is

A

Gives elasticity to tissues

Hydrophobic protein rich in praline and glycine but is not glycosylated

56
Q

What is the difference between Elastin and collagen

A

Collagen is glycosylated and Elastin is not

57
Q

What is a rubber band

A

Molecules are joined together by covalent bonds to generate cross linked network

58
Q

T OR F

Glycoproteins in the Extracellular matrix have multiple domains each with a specific binding site for other macromolecules and receptors

A

NOR DEGRADE KTTRUE

59
Q

WHAT DOES FIBRONECTIN DO

A

Helps organize the ECM and cells attach to it

60
Q

What is the basil lamina

A

Thin, flexible, though part of Extracellular membrane

61
Q

What is laminin

A

The 1ry organizer of the sheet structure of basal lamina

62
Q

What is laminin composed of

A

3 polypeptide chains held together by disulfide bonds

63
Q

T OR F

CELL CANT MAKE ECM NOR ORGANIZE, NOR DEGRADE IT

A

FALSE

THEY CAN

64
Q

Integrins do?

A

Link the cytoskeleton with the ecm

65
Q

Integrins are

A

Transmembrane cell adhesion that work as matrix receptors

66
Q

What are the Cytoskeleton filaments that maintain the shape of cell

A

Tubulin and actin

67
Q

Cytoskeleton determines

A

Cellular organization and polarity

68
Q

A cell has to (4)

A

Be correctly shaped
Be physically robust
Internally structure
Change its place and move from one place to another

69
Q

What 3 different filaments compose the cytoskeleton

A

Actin filament
Microtubules
Intermediate filament

70
Q

T OR F

ACTIN IS 24 NM

A

FALSE IS 7 nm

71
Q

Microtubules are

A

Polymers of the protein tubulin

72
Q

T OR F

TUBULIN IS A HETERODIMER FORM CROM TWO CLOSELYBRELATED GLOBULAR PROTEINS CALLED GAMMA TUBULIN AND BETA TUBULIN

A

FALSE

ALPHA TUBULIN AND BETA TUBULIN

73
Q

T OR F

IN TUBULIN, GTP BOUND TO ALPHA TUBULIN IS TRAPPED AND NEVER HYDROLIZED NOR EXCHANGED

A

TRUE

74
Q

T OR F

IN TUBULIN, GTP IN ALPHA TUBULIN IS EITHER GTP AND GDP FORM AND IS EXCHANGEABLE

A

FALSE

IS IN BETA TUBULIN

75
Q

Microtubules are

A

Hollow cylindrical structures built from protofilaments each composed of alpha and beta Tubulin HETERODIMER stacked head to tail and then folded into a tube

76
Q

What Cytoskeleton filament is a HETERODIMER stacked head to tail and then folded into a tube

A

Microtubulin

77
Q

Dynamic instability is

A

Process where microtubules shrink or grow

78
Q

What causes the microtubules to grow

A

Addition of GTP containing Tubulin to the end of a protofilament

79
Q

What causes the microtubules to shrink

A

If GTP hydrolysis proceeds more rapidly that the addition of new subunits

80
Q

Where does microtubules originate from

A

From the specific cellular location known as the microtubules organizing center or MTOC

81
Q

T or F

In animals cells the matrix is the major MTOC

A

False

The centrosomes is the major MTOC

82
Q

What are the MAPS

A

Microtubules associated proteins

Kinesis and dyenin

83
Q

How does kinesis travel

A

Normally towards the plus end

84
Q

Dyenin travels

A

Toward minus end

85
Q

MAPs move

A

Organelles, Vesicles in cell, and Vesicles with pigments or melanosomes

86
Q

What is the taxol paclitaxel

A

Principle of anticancer chemotherapy

Blocking microtubules kills cancer

87
Q

What is Celia made of

A

Microtubules

88
Q

Where is cilia

A

airways, to clean and remove mucous

89
Q

What is flagella for

A

To move cells in liquid environment

90
Q

Actin subunits form

A

A tight right handed helix called filamentous actin

91
Q

What is f-actin

A

Filamentous actin, right handed helix of actin

92
Q

Actin is (2)

A

Flexible

Can polymerize to grow or depolymerize

93
Q

T OR F

ATP BOUND TO ACTIN HAS LOWER AFFINITY FOR THE NEIGHBORING SUBUNIT AND REMAINS UNSTABLE IN FILAMENT

A

FALSE

HAS HIGHER AFFINITY AND REMAINS STABLE IN FILAMENT

94
Q

T OR F

ADP BOUND ACTIN CAN EASILY DISSOCIATE FROM THE FILAMENT

A

True

95
Q

A bundle forming cross-linked has

A

Fascin cross linker

96
Q

Gel forming cross-linker has

A

Filament cross linker

97
Q

What does stress fiber crossing have

A

Contracting actin filaments

Contractile bundle

98
Q

Cell cortex cross linker have

A

Gel like network

99
Q

Filopodium is

A

Tight-parallel bundle

100
Q

Type 1 and 2 intermediary filaments

A

Acid and basic Kerstin produced in epithelial cells

101
Q

Type 3 intermediary filaments

A 
Vinentin in fibroblast
Endothelial cells and leukocytes
Destin in muscle
Gila febrile in astrocyte
Perinephrine in nerve cells
102
Q

Type 4 intermediary filaments

A

Neurofilament heavy, medium, and low

Filensin and phakinin in eyes

103
Q

Type 5 intermediary filaments

A

Lamina of nuclear membrane

Cellular Biology (13 decks)

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