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Adrenal Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of adrenal glands (2)

A

Adrenal cortex

Adrenal medula

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2
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Mesodermal in origin

Organized in 3 zones

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3
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Ectodermal in origin

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4
Q

What produces the steroid hormones

A

Adrenal cortex

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5
Q

Steroids are derived from

A

Cholesterol

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6
Q

Adrenal cortex characteristics for steroid synthesis (3)

A

Abundance of lipid droplets containing cholesterol esters
Mitochondrion
Smooth ER

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7
Q

Production of adrenal steroids involved the classic pathway for steroids biosynthesis.
The first step is

A

Cholesterol is used to form pregnenolome

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8
Q

Formation of pregnenolome occurs where

A

In mitochondrion

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9
Q

Formation of pregnenolome is regulated by

A

ACTH

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10
Q 
Mechanisms of actions of ACTH
Adrenocortical steroidogenesis (4)
A

Stimulation of the uptake of LDL
Stimulation of the hydrolysis of stored cholesterol ester to generate free cholesterol
Stimulation of the transport of cholesterol into the mitochondria, where cleavage of cholesterol side chains occurs
Promotion of the binding of cholesterol to the enzyme

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11
Q

Adrenal cortex hormones bind to

A

Steroid hormones bind to IC receptor

Receptors are located in the cytosol or nucleus

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12
Q

Metabolism of adrenal cortex involves

A

The liver

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13
Q

The liver does what

A

Modifies hormones for excretion

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14
Q

Zona glomerulosa

A

Outermost zone and produces mineralocorticoids

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15
Q

Aldosterone is produced or released where

A

Zona glomerulosa

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16
Q

Aldosterone role

A

Plays important role in electrolyte balance and regulation of blood pressure

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17
Q

Aldosterone actions are carried out at

A

Level of distal tubules in the kidneys

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18
Q

Why is aldosterone important

A

Important to keep or maintain blood volume retaining salt

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19
Q

Production of aldosterone is regulated by

A

RAAS

RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM

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20
Q

The stimuli for aldosterone secretion is made by

A

Decrease volume plasma sodium concentration

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21
Q

What is another major regulatory factor for mineralocorticoid secretion

A

Potassium

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22
Q

What is the zona fasciculata

A

Middle zone

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23
Q

Zona fasciculata produce

A

Glucocorticoids

24
Q

What is the major glucocorticoid

25
Cortisol is considered
A stress hormone
26
What stimulates the secretion of cortisol
ACTH produced from adenohypophysis
27
ACTH =
Corticotrophin
28
Secretion of corticotrophin is controlled by
Corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) from hypothalamus
29
What influences the axis
Glucocorticoids, stress and diurnal rhythm
30
Cortisol effects occur after what
Binding to the nuclear receptors located into the cytosol
31
Cortisol in carbohydrate metabolism does what (6)
Stimulates synthesis of enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis Causes mobilization of a.a from extra hepatic tissues Antagonizes insulins effects Decrease glucose utilization, and GLUT 4 translocation Potentiates the action of glucagon and epinephrine on glucose metabolism Cause diabetes mellitus
32
What are the main substrates used in the synthesis of enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis during stress
A.a derived from muscle
33
T or F | Decrease GLUT 4 translocation in skeletal muscle leads to insulin resistance
True
34
Diabetes Mellitus (2)
Increase gluconeogenesis and reduction in glucose utilization About 20% of dogs with HAC develop DM
35
Cortisol in protein metabolism (2)
Reduces cellular protein | Increases liver and plasma proteins
36
Cortisol on fat metabolism (2(
Increase mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue | Can cause obesity
37
Increase mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue causes what (2)
Enhance the oxidation of FFAs in cells | Shift the metabolism from glucose to fat utilization
38
T or F | Cortisol can cause obesity
True | It can deposit fat into places
39
T or F | Cortisol acts as a immunosuppresor and anti-inflammatory
True
40
What is the zona reticularis
Innermost zone
41
What does the zona reticularis produce
Androgens
42
What are androgens
Hormones that interact with male sex hormone receptors
43
T or F | Dehydroepiandrosterone and androsterone are highly active
False | Not as active as testosterone
44
What can happen to androgens in the adipose tissue
Can be converted into testosterone or estrogens
45
What regulates the production of androgens
ACTH
46
T or F | Adrenal androgen is very important in animals
False
47
What is the adrenal medula
Apostsynaptic ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system
48
Adrenal medula secretes what
Neurotransmitters into blood
49
What is the primary catecholamine produces in adrenal medula
Epinephrine
50
What initiates the synthesis in adrenal medulla
Begin with the conversion of tyrosine to DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase
51
What produces epinephrine in adrenal medula
Chromafin cells from the a.a. tyrosine
52
End product of tyrosine metabolism include (4)
DOPA Dopamine Epinephrine Norepinephrine
53
Where is DOPA converted into dopamine
In the cytosol
54
Catecholamine's action involve what
Involve the regulation of intermediary metabolism and responses that allow animals to adjust to situations involving acute stress
55
What are the major types of catecholamine
Alpha | Beta
56
Stimulation of alpha receptors in the anterioles of most visceral organs causes what
Contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle | Increase blood pressure, restrict blood flow
57
Catecholamine can (5)
Cause vasodilation of skeletal muscle and liver anterioles Increase heart rate and force contraction of each heartbeat Increase breakdown of glycogen in liver and muscle Stimulate lipolysis in adipose tissue Increase basal metabolic rate

Cellular Biology (13 decks)

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