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Cellular Biology > Adrenal Gland > Flashcards

Adrenal Gland Flashcards

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1
Q

Layers of adrenal glands (2)

A

Adrenal cortex

Adrenal medula

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2
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Mesodermal in origin

Organized in 3 zones

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3
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Ectodermal in origin

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4
Q

What produces the steroid hormones

A

Adrenal cortex

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5
Q

Steroids are derived from

A

Cholesterol

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6
Q

Adrenal cortex characteristics for steroid synthesis (3)

A

Abundance of lipid droplets containing cholesterol esters
Mitochondrion
Smooth ER

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7
Q

Production of adrenal steroids involved the classic pathway for steroids biosynthesis.
The first step is

A

Cholesterol is used to form pregnenolome

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8
Q

Formation of pregnenolome occurs where

A

In mitochondrion

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9
Q

Formation of pregnenolome is regulated by

A

ACTH

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10
Q 
Mechanisms of actions of ACTH
Adrenocortical steroidogenesis (4)
A

Stimulation of the uptake of LDL
Stimulation of the hydrolysis of stored cholesterol ester to generate free cholesterol
Stimulation of the transport of cholesterol into the mitochondria, where cleavage of cholesterol side chains occurs
Promotion of the binding of cholesterol to the enzyme

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11
Q

Adrenal cortex hormones bind to

A

Steroid hormones bind to IC receptor

Receptors are located in the cytosol or nucleus

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12
Q

Metabolism of adrenal cortex involves

A

The liver

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13
Q

The liver does what

A

Modifies hormones for excretion

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14
Q

Zona glomerulosa

A

Outermost zone and produces mineralocorticoids

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15
Q

Aldosterone is produced or released where

A

Zona glomerulosa

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16
Q

Aldosterone role

A

Plays important role in electrolyte balance and regulation of blood pressure

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17
Q

Aldosterone actions are carried out at

A

Level of distal tubules in the kidneys

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18
Q

Why is aldosterone important

A

Important to keep or maintain blood volume retaining salt

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19
Q

Production of aldosterone is regulated by

A

RAAS

RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM

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20
Q

The stimuli for aldosterone secretion is made by

A

Decrease volume plasma sodium concentration

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21
Q

What is another major regulatory factor for mineralocorticoid secretion

A

Potassium

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22
Q

What is the zona fasciculata

A

Middle zone

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23
Q

Zona fasciculata produce

A

Glucocorticoids

24
Q

What is the major glucocorticoid

A

Cortisol

25
Q

Cortisol is considered

A

A stress hormone

26
Q

What stimulates the secretion of cortisol

A

ACTH produced from adenohypophysis

27
Q

ACTH =

A

Corticotrophin

28
Q

Secretion of corticotrophin is controlled by

A

Corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) from hypothalamus

29
Q

What influences the axis

A

Glucocorticoids, stress and diurnal rhythm

30
Q

Cortisol effects occur after what

A

Binding to the nuclear receptors located into the cytosol

31
Q

Cortisol in carbohydrate metabolism does what (6)

A

Stimulates synthesis of enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis
Causes mobilization of a.a from extra hepatic tissues
Antagonizes insulins effects
Decrease glucose utilization, and GLUT 4 translocation
Potentiates the action of glucagon and epinephrine on glucose metabolism
Cause diabetes mellitus

32
Q

What are the main substrates used in the synthesis of enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis during stress

A

A.a derived from muscle

33
Q

T or F

Decrease GLUT 4 translocation in skeletal muscle leads to insulin resistance

A

True

34
Q

Diabetes Mellitus (2)

A

Increase gluconeogenesis and reduction in glucose utilization
About 20% of dogs with HAC develop DM

35
Q

Cortisol in protein metabolism (2)

A

Reduces cellular protein

Increases liver and plasma proteins

36
Q

Cortisol on fat metabolism (2(

A

Increase mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue

Can cause obesity

37
Q

Increase mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue causes what (2)

A

Enhance the oxidation of FFAs in cells

Shift the metabolism from glucose to fat utilization

38
Q

T or F

Cortisol can cause obesity

A

True

It can deposit fat into places

39
Q

T or F

Cortisol acts as a immunosuppresor and anti-inflammatory

A

True

40
Q

What is the zona reticularis

A

Innermost zone

41
Q

What does the zona reticularis produce

A

Androgens

42
Q

What are androgens

A

Hormones that interact with male sex hormone receptors

43
Q

T or F

Dehydroepiandrosterone and androsterone are highly active

A

False

Not as active as testosterone

44
Q

What can happen to androgens in the adipose tissue

A

Can be converted into testosterone or estrogens

45
Q

What regulates the production of androgens

A

ACTH

46
Q

T or F

Adrenal androgen is very important in animals

A

False

47
Q

What is the adrenal medula

A

Apostsynaptic ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system

48
Q

Adrenal medula secretes what

A

Neurotransmitters into blood

49
Q

What is the primary catecholamine produces in adrenal medula

A

Epinephrine

50
Q

What initiates the synthesis in adrenal medulla

A

Begin with the conversion of tyrosine to DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase

51
Q

What produces epinephrine in adrenal medula

A

Chromafin cells from the a.a. tyrosine

52
Q

End product of tyrosine metabolism include (4)

A

DOPA
Dopamine
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

53
Q

Where is DOPA converted into dopamine

A

In the cytosol

54
Q

Catecholamine’s action involve what

A

Involve the regulation of intermediary metabolism and responses that allow animals to adjust to situations involving acute stress

55
Q

What are the major types of catecholamine

A

Alpha

Beta

56
Q

Stimulation of alpha receptors in the anterioles of most visceral organs causes what

A

Contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle

Increase blood pressure, restrict blood flow

57
Q

Catecholamine can (5)

A

Cause vasodilation of skeletal muscle and liver anterioles
Increase heart rate and force contraction of each heartbeat
Increase breakdown of glycogen in liver and muscle
Stimulate lipolysis in adipose tissue
Increase basal metabolic rate

Cellular Biology (13 decks)

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