war revision Flashcards
1
Q
impact of the crimean war: policy
A
- creation of the zemstva in 1864 (highlighted the inefficiencies of the Russian system- est. seen as part of a broader effort to reform the Russian administration and improve local governance by establishing a local gov)
- judiciary reforms - created a new judicial system whereby cases were heard by a jury and there were open proceedings (crimean war exposed instituional weaknesses and a desire for modernisation into a modern state which would require a more porfessional, transparent and accountable legal system)
THE WAR LED TO THESE CHANGES BEING FORCED
2
Q
impact of the crimean war: people/society
A
- emancipation 1861. frees ties from landowner, free to marry, own property and business as well as travel. failure in CW highlighted how russia needed to modernise( had outdated agrarian economy dependent on unmotivated serf labour) - could only do this if there was sufficient workers in the industrial cities- so in theory should lead to mobilisation of peasantry. no significant impetus for change or innovation before as serfs did not own land nor could not benefit economically from working harder, and so serfs were given redistributed land to make significant changes. BUT- emancipation did not lead to sig change as serfs remained tied to the land as they could not leave without a passport from the mir- damaging the need for a mobile labour force nedded for industry, and were given the worst land redistributions.
- education reforms - minister for education Golovnin, now operated through the zemstva, universities could govern themselves, primary and secondary education was extended. (highlighted need for reform through failure- as it highlighted russia’s isolation from the west in terms of economic and military capabilities- serf population illiterate and so education improvements needed to play a crucial role in industrial growth, innovation and military prowess)
- military reforms- conscription for every male over the age of 2, conducted by Milyutin, length of service reduced from 25-15 years. military colleges introduced
3
Q
impact of the crimean war: nationalities
A
- emancipation of the serfs was different in poland- occurred in 1864, granted more personal freedoms. shows nationalities treated differently
4
Q
impact of crimean war: economy
A
- emancipation- tied to the land- couldnt move to industrial areas to industrialise so could not economically modernise, as well as redemption payments hindering any economic change as compensation to the landowners was far too high to pay and often plunged many peasants into debt and economic hardship
- industrialisation- it became apparent that transport was one of russias great weaknesses- inadequate infrastructure to transport goods/soldiers across russia to fight - 2 billion roubles were spent constructing over 20,000 km of track from 1861-1878, 2194 = 1862, 13979 = 1878 (track opened)
5
Q
when was the russo-japanese war?
A
1904-1905
6
Q
impact of the RJ war: people/society
A
- failure in the war led to strikes and protest e.g bloody sunday- growing discontent, began at Putilov Iron Works, soon transpired to involve around 150,000 workers who were to present a petition to NII demonstrating their loyalty but desire for reform, led to 12,000 troops breaking up the demonstration, killing around 200 dead and many wounded. (marchers were seeking relief from the crushing economic burdens of the war- many industrial workers felt poor living conditions and poor wages, creating a sense of resentment.)
- people associated military incompetence with the tsar
7
Q
impact of the RJ war: policy
A
- failure in the RJ war led to significant impetus for change. exposed significant weaknesses in russian empire- seemed to be near total collapse with strikes and demonstrations in all major cities, peasant uprisings throughout the countryside and demands for independence from Poles, Finns etc. this forced the tsar to make significant concessions to avoid further destabilisation of the monarchy- including the OCTOBER MANIFESTO. Oct man promised the creation of a state duma which was a significant change as it allowed a voice to the population- granting some degree of political representation
- failure forced NII to reassert his authority due to concerns over the tsars ability to rule- and so led to the creation of the fundamental laws- which reasserted the previous system of autocracy, no sig change
8
Q
impact of the RJ war: nationality
A
- creation of the duma in 1905 meant that there was representatives in the duma from finland and poland- which undermined the independence movement as it gave them some degree of autonomy, but only minor to appease
9
Q
impact of the RJ war: economy
A
- failure led to strikes and protest- total economic shutdown within russia which had serious impacts
- failures in the war revealed serious communication and transport weaknesses . led to the construction of the trans-siberian railway which provided a huge industrial stimulus and witte and stolypin working together to improve russian economy.
10
Q
impact of ww1: policy
A
FORCED THEM INTO POLICY CHANGES
* feb rev- overturned the romanov dynasty and created a provisional govt in preparation for a constituent assembly (abdication of NII due to high failings and poor policy decisions)
- oct rev- created an entirely new system of government in russia- introduced bolshevik rule by Lenin- who pulled out of the war (capitalised on the growing dissatisfaction with the war- lenins slogan “peace, bread, land” resonated with resentment over the war and its economic impacts)
- prov govt failed because they could not address the land questions as they were dependent on loans from UK and France which were dependent on them staying in the war.
THE WAR EXACERBATED EXISTING ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, POLITICAL TENSIONS WITHIN THE EMPIRE, MARKING THE START OF A NEW POLITICAL ORDER WITHIN RUSSIA.
LEGACY OF WW1 PROFOUND AS IT DIRECTLY CONTRIBUTED TO THE COLLAPSE OF TSARISM AND THE RISE OF A RADICALLY DIFFERENT FORM OF GOVT, WHICH WOULD LATER LEAD TO THE FORMATION OF THE SOVIET UNION
11
Q
impact of ww1: people/society
A
TSARS
* 100,000 workers go on strike from 58 diff factories in Petrograd.
* food queues 8 hours long, price of bread had x4
* 23rd Feb 1917- int. womens day, workers on strike join traditional march of women from the suburbs to the city centre
* strikes and protests overall as exacerbated growing issues with living and working conditions
COMMUNISTS
* freeing of prisoners
12
Q
impact of ww1: economy
A
- food queues, bread prices
- economy collapsed
- led to the implementation of war communism (War Communism was necessary for the Bolshevik government because it allowed the state to centralise control over resources, industries, and agricultural production in a time of severe crisis. While it was a response to the war, food shortages, and military needs, it also aligned with Bolshevik ideology about centralising control and eliminating capitalist influences.)
13
Q
impact of ww1: nationalities
A
- led to the signing of Brest-Litovsk which granted Finland and Poland independence- it was a sign of bolshevik realism: lenin saw it as a pragmatic decision- signing the treaty was the only way to end russia’s involvement in the war and to focus on stabilising the bolshevik government, the promise of peace was vital for maintaining popular support among workers, peasants, and soldiers who had been ravaged by the war.
14
Q
impact of the civil war: policy
A
- implementation of the red terror through increased use of the cheka
- enforced= war communism, conscription, elimination of the kulaks
15
Q
impact of the civil war: people
A
- bolshevik rule= dictatorship of the proletariat
- implementation of WC had significant effects on the people-
the Cheka forcibly taking food from the countryside and giving it to the proletariat and the Red Army led to starvation in rural areas - 1921 famine- 5 million people dying due to failed policy of grain requisitioning
16
Q
impact of the civil war: economy
A
- WC
- NEP
industry- coal production fell dramatically
* 1913 - 29 million tonnes
* 1921 - 8.9 million tonnes
17
Q
why was ww2 different
A
only one they won, had significant success- great patriotic war
18
Q
impact of ww2: policy
A
no immediate reaction
19
Q
impact of ww2: people
A
no immediate reaction, but 25 million people died
20
Q
impact of ww2: nationalities
A
- countries brought back into satellite states
- stalin joined the grand alliance- stalin thought that iit would put russia into a strong bargaining position to make territorial gains
- russia became de facto ruler of the baltic states, poland hungary etc
21
Q
impact of ww2: economy
A
- scorched earth policy caused much damage to industrial and rural infrastructure
- factories were moved to behind the urals during the ww2
- economy revolved around 5YP- 1938-42, restructured to focus on war production
- still collectivisation
22
Q
impact of the cold war: policy
A
- destalinsation
- glasnost to compete
*comintern, warsaw pact - satellite states
23
Q
impact of the cold war: society/people
A
- glasnost
- satellite states
24
Q
impact of the cold war: economy
A
- focus on light industry and consumer goods- cannot continue with stalins economy as the people needed consumer goods
- space race- need to compete in terms of technological innovation (launch of sputnik)
- introduced 7 year plan 1959-1965, recognised that the soviet economy needed to adapt to the demands of the cold war
- economic decentralisation-60 moscow ministries abolished and replaced with 105 economic regions. kchev recognised that the centralised economic model- hallmark of stalinist policy was no longer efficient enough to meet demands of the cold war, also an attempt to reform the soviet system - trying to make the economy more responsive to the needs of the people and better able to produce goods necessary to compete in the cold war
