Chapter 2 - Economy/Society - Industrialisation Flashcards
ALEXANDER II: INDUSTRIALISATION
ALEXANDER II: INDUSTRIALISATION
How did A2 believe he could prevent peasant unrest?
By moving rural workers into industry
What was A2 committed to?
State involvement in industry
Who did A2 appoint as minister of finance in 1862?
Mikhail Reutern
What did Reutern attract in order to industrialise quickly?
Foreign investment
Who Manchester businessman helped develop the Russian textile industry?
Ludwig Loop
Who were responsible for the growth of the modern oil industry around Baku in the caucuses?
Nobel brothers
What company did Welsh businessman JJ Hughes create?
The New Russian Coal, Iron and Railmaking company
What % of steel production was JJ Hughes’ company responsible for by 1900?
50%
How many miles of railway track were built in 1862?
2194 miles
How many miles of railway track were built in 1878?
13,979 miles
How much did industrial output increase during Reutern’s term as minister of finance?
Industrial output doubled
What was the average annual growth rate under Mikhail Reutern?
6%
What years was Mikhail Reutern minister of finance?
1862 to 1878
What happened from 1873 to 1882 which did not affect Russia?
The economic depression in Europe
What % of railway lines were in private hands by 1880?
94%
INDUSTRIALISATION: ALEXANDER III
INDUSTRIALISATION: ALEXANDER III
Who was the finance minster from 1882 to 1886?
Nikolay Bunge
What was there a move towards under Alexander III and Nikolay Bunge?
Greater state ownership of the railways
What % of railways were controlled by the state by 1911?
69%
What tax did Bunge abolish in 1886?
Poll tax
How many miles of track were built in 1891?
17,264 miles
Why did Alexander III sack Bunge in 1886?
The collapse of the rouble
Who replaced Bunge as finance minister in 1887?
Ivan Vyshnegradskii
What was introduced by Vyshnegradskii which raised lots of revenue?
The Medele’ev tariff
What happened in 1891 as a result of Vyshnegradskii policies, particularly the raising of income through exporting grain?
1891 famine
INDUSTRIALISATION: NICHOLAS II
INDUSTRIALISATION: NICHOLAS II
What was the period of economic growth under Nicholas II known as?
The ‘Great Spurt’
When was Sergei Witte minister of finance for Russia?
1892-1903
What was Sergei Witte the first person in Russia to do?
Show total commitment to industrialisation
What was Witte’s ‘substitution effect’?
More money would be spent on industry at the expense of agriculture
What did Witte do that was similar to Reutern?
He encouraged foreign experts to come to Russia
What did Witte do in 1897?
He placed the rouble on the gold standard
How much did coal production increase during the ‘Great Spurt’?
Coal production doubled
How much did iron and steel production increase during the ‘Great Spurt’?
It increased seven-fold
How much was income from industry in 1893?
42 million roubles
How much was income from industry in 1897?
161 million roubles
What was the average rate of increase in industrial production under Witte?
7.5%
How much did foreign capital increase every year from 1893 to 1898?
120%
When was Witte sacked as minister for finance for opposing Nicholas II’s expansionist foreign policy?
August 1903
How much did the Russian GNP grow every year from 1909 to 1913?
3.5%
Why was Witte appointed as Prime Minister in 1905?
The disastrous Russo-Japanese war
What was Russia’s GNP per capita in comparison to Britain by 1914?
Only 20%
INDUSTRIALISATION: LENIN
INDUSTRIALISATION: LENIN
What was introduced in November 1917 by the Bolsheviks?
State capitalism
When was the Decree on Land, which divided private landholdings and handed them over to peasants?
November 1917
What was formed by the Bolsheviks in December 1917?
The Supreme Economic Council (SEC)
How much was coal production in 1913?
29 million tonnes
How much was coal production in 1921?
8.9 million tonnes
How much was the rouble worth in October 1920 in comparison to its value in 1917?
1%
What % of wages were paid in kind by 1921?
90%
What was war communism in simple terms?
State capitalism with grain requisitioning
Why did war communism cause unrest?
Individuals lost the freedom to produce and sell goods as they wanted
What was the most hated policy in war communism?
Grain requisitioning
When was the New Economic Policy (NEP) announced?
10th Congress of the All-Russian Communist Party Congress in March 1921
What did the NEP do?
Denationalised small-scale enterprise and saw a return to private ownership
What did the state still control after the NEP?
Heavy industry
What was the new class of entrepreneur created by the NEP?
NEPMEN
How much of retail trade were NEPMEN responsible for?
60%
INDUSTRIALISATION: STALIN
INDUSTRIALISATION: STALIN
What is economic autarky?
When a nation can operate in a state of self-reliance
Who set targets for the 5 year plans?
GOSPLAN
How long was the first 5 year plan in effect?
2.5 years
INDUSTRIALISATION: KHRUSHCHEV
INDUSTRIALISATION: KHRUSHCHEV
What did Khrushchev focus on more than any other leader?
Consumer products
How many Russian owned a washing machine by 1964?
1 in 77
After how many years was the 6th 5 year plan scrapped?
2 years
COMPARING STALIN AND KHRUSHCHEV INDUSTRIALISATION
COMPARING STALIN AND KHRUSHCHEV INDUSTRIALISATION
How many million tonnes of oil were produced in 1940? *Or 1940 5 year plan (not clear)
31 million tonnes
How many tonnes of oil were produced in 1960?
148 million tonnes
How many tonnes of coal were produced in 1940?
166 million tonnes
How many tonnes of coal was produced in 1960?
510 million tonnes
How many tonnes of steel were produced in 1940?
18 million tonnes
How many tonnes of steel were produced in 1960?
65 million tonnes
How many tractors were built in 1940?
31,600
How many tractors were built in 1960?
238,000
