Chapter 2 - Economy/Society - Food and famine Flashcards
FOOD AND FAMINE: ALEXANDER II
FOOD AND FAMINE: ALEXANDER II
What was Alexander II worried about in 1855?
That if food shortages continued there would be widespread social unrest
Who did Alexander II place in charge of drawing up emergency measures to cope with famines in 1864?
The Zemstva
FOOD AND FAMINE: ALEXANDER III
FOOD AND FAMINE: ALEXANDER III
When was there a widespread famine under Alexander III?
1891
What made the 1891 famine worse?
Outbreaks of cholera and typhus
How many died in the 1891 famine?
350,000
What did finance minister Vyshnegradskii do which had played a role in causing the famine?
He introduced the Mendeleev tariff
Why did Vyshnegradskii increasing taxes cause the famine?
Peasants had to sell off grain surpluses in order to cope with the inflated prices
What did Alexander III create to deal with the 1891 famine?
A Special Committee on Famine Relief
FOOD AND FAMINE: NICHOLAS II
FOOD AND FAMINE: NICHOLAS II
Why did towns and cities not benefit from good harvests from 1914-17?
Grain was given to the troops
How long were bread queues during WW1?
8 hours
What did peasants do during WW1?
Hoarded grain and slaughtered their animals
FOOD AND FAMINE: LENIN
FOOD AND FAMINE: LENIN
What had been lost as a result of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
Valuable agricultural land
How did the Bolsheviks respond to food shortages in 1918?
They introduced grain requisitioning
Who was blamed for food shortages under the Bolsheviks?
Kulaks
How much did Ukrainian food production fall in1920-21?
20%
What was shutdown during the Russian Civil War?
The Russian railway system
How many died in the 1921 famine?
5 million
What was Lenin reluctant to accept?
Aid from the American Relief Administration
FOOD AND FAMINE: STALIN
FOOD AND FAMINE: STALIN
When were there good harvests under Stalin?
1926 and 1927
What did Stalin resort to after a bad harvest in 1928?
Grain requisitioning
What was the Urals-Siberian method?
Villagers were encouraged to reveal grain hoarders and those who showed bourgeois tendencies
What 2 things led to the 1932-34 famine?
Collectivisation and poor harvests
What was imposed for stealing grain under the Stalinist regime?
The death penalty
What was banned during the food crisis?
Discussion of the grain crisis
How many people died in the Holodomor famine?
7.5 million
How much had meat and fish consumption fallen by the late 1930s?
80%
What policy was relaxed during WW2?
Collectivisation
When was there another famine under Stalin?
1947
