Chapter 1.6 - The Nature of Government: Opposition Flashcards
Chapter 1.6 - opposition
chapter 1.6
Opposition (Political Parties and Individuals): Alexander II
What were two key opposition groups during the reign of A2?
The Populists and the People’s Will
What did the Populists consist of?
Middle and upper class intellectuals who wanted political change
Why were the Populists able to exist?
Because of Alexander II’s liberal reforms
What were the main figures of the Populists, Chernyshevsky and Lavrov, influenced by?
The writings of Karl Marx
What campaign did Lavrov organise in the mid 1870s?
The ‘Going to the People’ campaign from 1873 to 1874
Why did the Populists split and what group formed as a result in 1876?
The Populists split after the failure of the ‘Going to the People’ campaign, as a result Land and Liberty formed in 1876
What terrorist group emerged from the Land and Liberty movement?
The People’s Will
What was the primary objective of the People’s Will?
To assassinate the tsar
Opposition (Political Parties and Individuals): Alexander III
What did A3 crack down on?
Revolutionary political parties
When did the Okhrana disband the People’s Will?
1884
Opposition (Political Parties and Individuals): Nicholas II
What party, led by Victor Chernov, formed in 1901?
The Socialist Revolutionary Party
What two groups had the Socialist Revolutionary Party split into by 1905?
- Radical left-wing SRs
- Moderate right-wing SRs
How many political killings was the Socialist Revolutionary Party responsible for from 1900 to 1905?
2000
When did the All-Russian Social Democratic Party form?
1898
What was the All-Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party influenced by?
George Plekhanov’s interpretation of Marx’s work
What did George Plekhanov emphasise the need for?
Working-class consciousness
What did the Social Democrat party split into in 1905?
The Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks
What were 3 parties in the Duma?
- Liberals
- Kadets
- Octobrists
What were The Liberals referred to as?
‘Westernisers’
How the Liberals wanted Russian to be governed?
In a similar way to Western European democracies e.g. Britain
What did the Union of Liberation, founded by Pyotr Struve in 1904, demand?
Greater freedom and justice for all Russians
What did the Kadets want?
A constitutional monarchy
What did the both the Kadets and Octobrists support?
Nicholas II’s October Manifesto
Opposition (Political Parties and Individuals): Lenin
Who was the opposition to Lenin in the Civil War?
The Whites
What was the Whites a coalition of?
Liberals, tsarists and socialists who opposed the Bolsheviks
When did Lenin ban all other parties?
1921
What did Lenin ban within the Bolshevik party?
Factionalism
After the Provisional Government was overthrown in 1917, what prominent Bolsheviks called a coalition with other socialist groups?
Kamenev, Zinoviev and Rykov
What did the left oppose?
The signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
What split the Bolshevik party?
The NEP
What was formed within the Politburo before Lenin’s death, with the purpose of combating the influence of Trotsky?
The Triumvirate (Troika)
Who were the three members of the Politburo who were part of the Triumvirate?
Zinoviev, Kamenev and Stalin
When was Trotsky expelled from the party?
In 1927
Who did Stalin remove from the party after they criticised his dealing with peasants and foreign policy?
Kamenev and Zinoviev - replaced with Stalinists
Opposition (Peasants): Alexander II
What did the 1861 Emancipation Edict lead to?
A number of revolts around Russia
When was the Bezdna revolt?
April 1861
What did literate peasant claim about the Emancipation Edict, leading to the Bezdna revolt?
Petrov claimed that the EE was a lie and was a tool to oppress peasants
How many peasants gathered in the Bezdna revolt and how many were killed when the army opened fire?
5000 peasants gathered, 91 were killed
Opposition (Peasants): Nicholas II (pre-WW1)
Why were there many disturbances between 1900 and 1907?
Issues relating to redemption payments
What did peasants do as a show of protest?
Peasants robbed warehouses, attacked landowners and burnt down property
How did Stolypin react to peasant protests?
Stolypin carried out land reforms to appease peasant grievances
Opposition (Peasants): Nicholas II (WW1)
What caused widespread unrest during WW1?
Conscription
How many soldiers and policemen were murdered whilst conscripting peasants in 1914?
250
How many people died in a riot in Tsaritsyn in 1914?
20
Opposition (Peasants): Provisional Government
When were there widespread disturbances?
October 1917
Who caused the disturbances during the provisional goverment?
Peasants who had become politically aware in WW1
Opposition (Peasants): Lenin
What was forced upon peasants during the Civil War?
Peasants were forcibly conscripted into the Red and White armies
What did peasants revolt against during the Civil War?
War Communism
What was the largest revolt during the Civil War?
Tambov’s Rebellion from 1920 to 1921
How many people were killed in Tambov’s rebellion and what was used on peasants?
140,000 killed, chemical weapons used on peasants
How may peasants served in the ‘Green Armies’?
40,000
What placated many peasants?
The New Economic Policy (NEP)
Opposition (Peasants): Stalin
What two Stalinist programmes ignited peasant unrest?
Collectivisation and dekulakisation
How did peasants resist collectivisation?
They slaughtered their animals
How many cows were there in the USSR in 1928 and 1941?
1928 - 33.2 million cows
1941 - 27.6 million cows
What happened to regions suspected of hoarding grain?
They were denied food
How many Ukrainians died in the Holodomor famine from 1932 to 1933?
7.5 million
How many peasants were executed on Kolkhoz (collectivised farms) between 1932 and 1933?
125,000
How many kulaks were deported to Kazakhstan?
5 million
Opposition (Workers): Alexander II
What process started under Alexander II?
Industralisation
What were the strikes like under A2?
Small, local affairs
Opposition (Workers): Alexander III
How many participated in a strike at the Morozov artillery works in 1885?
8000
How many workers were arrested in the strike at the Morozov artillery works and how many were put on trial?
600 workers arrested, 33 put on trial
Opposition (Workers): Nicholas II
Where was there a strike in December 1904?
At the Putillov artillery factory
How many workers from how many factories took part in sympathy strikes in January 1905?
150,000 workers from 382 factories
What was the date on which Bloody Sunday happened?
22nd January 1905
How many people died in Bloody Sunday protest?
Up to 200
What did workers form in the cities?
Soviets
How many people were killed by government repression in the 1905 revolution?
14,000
Where did the army open fire on strikers in 1912?
The Lena Goldfield mine
How many people were killed during the strikes at the Lena Goldfield mine?
270
How many people went on strike in Paril 12th in 1912?
300,000
How many strikes were there in St Petersburg on the 1st May 1912?
1,000
What caused the February Revolution to start?
100,000 workers went on strike at the Putillov artillery
How many people were striking by the end of February 1917?
500,000
How many soldiers deserted the army and joined the strikes in St Petersburg?
150,000
What did these strikes bring down?
Nicholas II and tsarist Russia
Opposition (Workers): Provisional Government
What did workers form after the February Revolution, which was never controlled by the Provisional Government?
The Petrograd Soviet
What was the July Days?
The July Days happened when a march of 500,000 workers turned into a riot
Who instigated the riots in the July Days?
The Soviets
Who led the mass strikes in the run up to the October Revolution, leading to the overthrow of the Provisional Government?
The Bolsheviks
Opposition (Workers): Lenin
Why did many peasants move into the cities?
To take over the jobs of the workers who had died in the Civil War
Why was there little unrest under Lenin?
- Peasants were uneducated
- NEP
Opposition (Workers): Stalin
What did production targets lead to?
Rise in suicides
What was there none of in WW1?
Strikes
Opposition (Workers): Khrushchev
What did Khrushchev reduce the working day to?
7 hours
How many workers were executed in Novocherkassk after a protest over food prices?
23
