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BACTERIOLOGY > W8- SPIROCHETEs > Flashcards

W8- SPIROCHETEs Flashcards

1
Q

3 type of SPIROCHETES

A
  • treponema
  • Borrelia
  • leptospira
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2
Q

Taxonomy for the ORDER: SPIROCHEATALES

A

FAMILY- Leptospiraceae
GENUS- Leptospira

FAMILY- Spirochaetaceae
GENUS- Treponema, Borrelia

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3
Q

What are the diseases caused by the order Spirocheatales

A
  • Zoonoses
    • lyme disease
    • leptospirosis

-Syphilis

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4
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the Spirochete

A
  • Flagella (endoflagella)
  • outer membrane
  • protoplasmic cylinder
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5
Q

What is in between the Protoplasmic cylinder and the outer membrane

A

Periplasmic space

NOTE: it is also where your FLAGELLA is located

after periplasmic, peptidoglycan is the next layer and the cytoplasmic membrane is the final layer

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6
Q

What is the structure of the organism Spirochetes

A
  • slender
  • helically shaped
  • flexible cell wall
  • with periplasmic flagella (responsible for motility)
  • free living (exist in the environment via vectors)
  • Able to use Carbohydrates, amino acids, long chains fatty acids, and fatty alcohols ( easily found in the body, the organisms competes with your body)
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7
Q

Treponema is reproduce via

A

Transverse fission

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8
Q

leptospira and borrelia is reproduce via

A

BINARY FISSION

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of LEPTOSPIRES

A
  • obligate aerobes (they cannot live with CO2)
  • can be impregnated with SILVER STAIN
  • visible by DARK FIELD, PHASE CONTRAST, and IMMUNOFLUORESCENT MICROSCOPY
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10
Q

What is the pathogenic organism in the genus LEPTOSPIRES

A

Leptospira interrogans

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11
Q

What is the mode of visualizations of leptospires

A
  • stained with SILVER STAIN (for it to be easily visualize in a dark background)
  • and by using DARK FIELD, PHASE CONTRAST, and IMMUNOFLUORESCENT MICROSCOPY
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12
Q

Where is Leptospires isolated and cultured?

A

Artificial Media

  • Fletcher semisolid medium
  • Stuart liquid medium
  • Ellinghausen McCullough Johson harris semi solid medium (EMJH)

Note: Semisolid medium for you to promote locomotion to the organism

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13
Q

What are the Virulence factor of Leptospira

A
  • HEMOLYSIN (

- REDUCED PHAGOCYTOSIS IN THE HOST (because of antigenic variation)

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14
Q

What is the infection caused by the Leptospira interrogans

A

conjunctival suffusion

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15
Q

pathogenicity of leptospira interrogans

A

-it came from the RATs which is their natural host. it will now reside to the renal tubules of your organisms and then excreted through its urine.

NOTE: leptospira interrogans is able to pass through the glomerulus (is design to filter large molecules)

  • once it is excreted to the urine it then go to the soil, water, mud and environment
  • it will then enter to our body via open wounds, cuts on our skin- wound is their point of entry
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16
Q

What is the incubation period of Leptospira

A

10-12 days or roughly 2 weeks

NOTE: signs and symptoms appearance is abrupt and start influenza like signs and symptoms

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17
Q

What is the most characteristic physical findings of leptospirosis

A

conjunctival suffusion (redness of the eye )

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18
Q

What is the point of entry of Leptospira

A

Open wounds

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19
Q

What is a severe form of leptospirosis

A

weil’s disease

-causes renal failures, intravascular disease, several organs are affected

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20
Q

Serologic test

A
  • ELISA
  • increase of IgM (first week of infection)
  • body will produce higher quantity IGG ( after 1 week or 2 weeks)
  • MACROSCOPIC SLIDE AGGLUTINATION (gold standard)
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21
Q

ACUTE phase of Leptospirosis. Signs and Symptoms

A
  • CONJUCTIVAL SUFFUSION
  • JAUDINCE
  • PHOTOPHOBIA
  • skin rash
  • Cholecystitis
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22
Q

IMMUNE phase of Leptospirosis. Signs and Symptoms

IMMUNE, it is now able to penetrate your brain

A
  • meningitis
  • LUNGS BLEEDING
  • LIVER FAILURE
  • STOMACH BLEEDING
  • MALENA
  • KIDNEY FAILURE
  • BRUISES
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23
Q

What is the gold standard for the detection of leptospirosis

A

MACROSCOPIC SLIDE AGGLUTINATI0N

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24
Q

Specimen collection

A

After 1 week

-blood and CSF to confirm presence of organisms

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25
Q

What is the much recommended specimen to detect leptospira organisms

A

fresh specimen of Urine

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26
Q

Treatment for Leptospira

A

Penicillin

Note; It is also susceptible to

  • streptomycin,
  • tetracycline,
  • doxycycline (shorten the course of the illness)
  • macrolide Antimicrobials
27
Q

Most of the species of Borrelia causes what ?

A

relapsing fever

28
Q

What species of the genus Borelliae causes Lyme Disease ?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

Note: it won’t cause relapsing fever

29
Q

T/F

All pathogenic borrelia are arthropod born (no spine, joint feet)

A

TRUE

30
Q

Examples of Borrelia that causes relapsing fever

A

B. recurrentis

B. duttoni

31
Q

it can be TICK-BORNE (dog lice) (endemic relapsing fever ) transmitted by

A

genus Ornithoros

32
Q

LOUSBORNE (human lice) (endemic relapsing fever) transmitted by

A

PEDICULUS HUMANUS

33
Q

CHARACTERISITC OF BORRELIEAE

A
  • causes LYME DISEASE
  • HIGHLY FLEXIBLE
  • can cause complement suppression (it has the plasminogen urokinase type activator )
  • antigenic variation
34
Q

What is the mode of visualizations of BORRELIA

A

visualized using BRIGHT FIELD MICROSCOPY

35
Q

Where is BORRELIAE isolated and cultured?

A

KELLY MEDIUM

36
Q

What is the incubation period of BORRELIA

A

2 to 15 days incubation period

37
Q

what are the clinical manifestation of Borrelia

A

sudden increase of temperature

  • rigors
  • severe headache
  • muscle pains
  • weakness
38
Q

What are the 3 stages of Lyme disease

A
  • Early infection (appearance of ERYTHEMA MIGRANS)
  • Dissemination
  • Late manifestation
39
Q

Erythema Migrans (EM) can be seen in what stage of Lyme disease?

A

-Early infection

40
Q

-Joint and bone pain
-neurologic and cardiologic
-splenomegaly
is seen in what stage of Lyme disease?

A

-Dissemination (2nd stage)

41
Q

Abnormality in your cardiac tissue
-musculoskeletal tissue
is seen in what stage of Lyme disease

A

-late manifestation or late persistent infection (3rd stage)

42
Q

T/F

In the 3rd stage, the persistent infection. Arthiritis will occur months or years

A

TRUE

43
Q

What is the virulence factor of Borrelia burgdorferi

A

-bind plasminogen and urokinase-type plasminogen activator

44
Q

T/F

Giemsa or Wright stained smears of blood is use for the microscopic examination of Borrelia

A

TRUE

45
Q

What are the characteristics of TREPONEMA PALLIDUM

A
  • thin, spiral
  • it can CROSS PLACENTA or MUCOUS MEMBRANE
  • antigenic variation
46
Q

What is the mode of visualizations of TREPONEMA PALLIDUM

A

DARK-FILED MICROSCOPY

47
Q

What subsp. of T. pallidum causes VENEREAL SYPHILIS

A

T. pallidum subsp. pallidum

48
Q

What subsp. of T. pallidum causes YAWS

A

T. pallidum subsp. PERTUENE

49
Q

What subsp. of T. pallidum causes ENDEMIC SYPHILIS (bejel)

A

T. pallidum subsp. ENDEMICUM

50
Q

What species causes PINTA

A

T. carateum

51
Q

T/F

T. pallidum can cross placenta and mucous membrane

A

TRUE

NOTE: if it can cross placenta it can affect the fetus and can cause CONGENITAL SYPHILIS which can cause tissue degradation/digestion

52
Q

T/F

When you have syphilis you are prone to get HIV

A

TRUE

53
Q

T/F

Syphilis has 3 stages namely primary, secondary, and third stage

A

TRUE

54
Q

it occurs after the infection and incubation period

  • rapid multiplication of the organism
  • skin lesion
  • Chancre (genital ulcer)
A

Primary stage

55
Q

after 2 to 12 weeks

  • patient may develop fever, soar throat, lymph adenopathy
  • lesions
  • condyloma latum
  • the most critical stage
A

Secondary stage

56
Q
  • latency period
  • Skin lesion (painful)
  • appearance of GUMMA
A

Third stage

57
Q

T/F

if more than 1 year it is called LATENT SYPHILIS

A

truE

58
Q

T/F

If the sings and symptoms persist with 1 year it is called

A

EARLY LATENT SYPHILIS

59
Q

Serologic test for non-Treponemal test

A
  • VDRL (venereal disease research laboratory)
  • RPR (Rapid plasma reagin)
  • detects reaginic antibodies (formed or develop against lipids from damage cells
60
Q

Commonly used serologic test for NON-TRPONEMAL test

it uses charcoal as indicator

A

RPR

61
Q

Serologic test for -Treponemal test

A
  • TP-PA (t.pallidum particulate agglutination )
  • FTA-ABS (fluorescent treponemal antibodies Absorption)
  • detects antibodies SPECIFIC for T.pallidum
  • to confirm non-treponemal test
62
Q

this test uses fluorescent labeled antihuman antibodies

A

-FTA-ABS

63
Q

Choice of drug for syphilis

A

PENICILLIN

BACTERIOLOGY (18 decks)

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