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W8- SPIROCHETEs Flashcards

1
Q

3 type of SPIROCHETES

A
  • treponema
  • Borrelia
  • leptospira
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2
Q

Taxonomy for the ORDER: SPIROCHEATALES

A

FAMILY- Leptospiraceae
GENUS- Leptospira

FAMILY- Spirochaetaceae
GENUS- Treponema, Borrelia

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3
Q

What are the diseases caused by the order Spirocheatales

A
  • Zoonoses
    • lyme disease
    • leptospirosis

-Syphilis

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4
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the Spirochete

A
  • Flagella (endoflagella)
  • outer membrane
  • protoplasmic cylinder
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5
Q

What is in between the Protoplasmic cylinder and the outer membrane

A

Periplasmic space

NOTE: it is also where your FLAGELLA is located

after periplasmic, peptidoglycan is the next layer and the cytoplasmic membrane is the final layer

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6
Q

What is the structure of the organism Spirochetes

A
  • slender
  • helically shaped
  • flexible cell wall
  • with periplasmic flagella (responsible for motility)
  • free living (exist in the environment via vectors)
  • Able to use Carbohydrates, amino acids, long chains fatty acids, and fatty alcohols ( easily found in the body, the organisms competes with your body)
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7
Q

Treponema is reproduce via

A

Transverse fission

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8
Q

leptospira and borrelia is reproduce via

A

BINARY FISSION

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of LEPTOSPIRES

A
  • obligate aerobes (they cannot live with CO2)
  • can be impregnated with SILVER STAIN
  • visible by DARK FIELD, PHASE CONTRAST, and IMMUNOFLUORESCENT MICROSCOPY
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10
Q

What is the pathogenic organism in the genus LEPTOSPIRES

A

Leptospira interrogans

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11
Q

What is the mode of visualizations of leptospires

A
  • stained with SILVER STAIN (for it to be easily visualize in a dark background)
  • and by using DARK FIELD, PHASE CONTRAST, and IMMUNOFLUORESCENT MICROSCOPY
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12
Q

Where is Leptospires isolated and cultured?

A

Artificial Media

  • Fletcher semisolid medium
  • Stuart liquid medium
  • Ellinghausen McCullough Johson harris semi solid medium (EMJH)

Note: Semisolid medium for you to promote locomotion to the organism

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13
Q

What are the Virulence factor of Leptospira

A
  • HEMOLYSIN (

- REDUCED PHAGOCYTOSIS IN THE HOST (because of antigenic variation)

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14
Q

What is the infection caused by the Leptospira interrogans

A

conjunctival suffusion

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15
Q

pathogenicity of leptospira interrogans

A

-it came from the RATs which is their natural host. it will now reside to the renal tubules of your organisms and then excreted through its urine.

NOTE: leptospira interrogans is able to pass through the glomerulus (is design to filter large molecules)

  • once it is excreted to the urine it then go to the soil, water, mud and environment
  • it will then enter to our body via open wounds, cuts on our skin- wound is their point of entry
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16
Q

What is the incubation period of Leptospira

A

10-12 days or roughly 2 weeks

NOTE: signs and symptoms appearance is abrupt and start influenza like signs and symptoms

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17
Q

What is the most characteristic physical findings of leptospirosis

A

conjunctival suffusion (redness of the eye )

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18
Q

What is the point of entry of Leptospira

A

Open wounds

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19
Q

What is a severe form of leptospirosis

A

weil’s disease

-causes renal failures, intravascular disease, several organs are affected

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20
Q

Serologic test

A
  • ELISA
  • increase of IgM (first week of infection)
  • body will produce higher quantity IGG ( after 1 week or 2 weeks)
  • MACROSCOPIC SLIDE AGGLUTINATION (gold standard)
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21
Q

ACUTE phase of Leptospirosis. Signs and Symptoms

A
  • CONJUCTIVAL SUFFUSION
  • JAUDINCE
  • PHOTOPHOBIA
  • skin rash
  • Cholecystitis
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22
Q

IMMUNE phase of Leptospirosis. Signs and Symptoms

IMMUNE, it is now able to penetrate your brain

A
  • meningitis
  • LUNGS BLEEDING
  • LIVER FAILURE
  • STOMACH BLEEDING
  • MALENA
  • KIDNEY FAILURE
  • BRUISES
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23
Q

What is the gold standard for the detection of leptospirosis

A

MACROSCOPIC SLIDE AGGLUTINATI0N

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24
Q

Specimen collection

A

After 1 week

-blood and CSF to confirm presence of organisms

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25
What is the much recommended specimen to detect leptospira organisms
fresh specimen of Urine
26
Treatment for Leptospira
Penicillin Note; It is also susceptible to - streptomycin, - tetracycline, - doxycycline (shorten the course of the illness) - macrolide Antimicrobials
27
Most of the species of Borrelia causes what ?
relapsing fever
28
What species of the genus Borelliae causes Lyme Disease ?
Borrelia burgdorferi Note: it won't cause relapsing fever
29
T/F | All pathogenic borrelia are arthropod born (no spine, joint feet)
TRUE
30
Examples of Borrelia that causes relapsing fever
B. recurrentis | B. duttoni
31
it can be TICK-BORNE (dog lice) (endemic relapsing fever ) transmitted by
genus Ornithoros
32
LOUSBORNE (human lice) (endemic relapsing fever) transmitted by
PEDICULUS HUMANUS
33
CHARACTERISITC OF BORRELIEAE
- causes LYME DISEASE - HIGHLY FLEXIBLE - can cause complement suppression (it has the plasminogen urokinase type activator ) - antigenic variation
34
What is the mode of visualizations of BORRELIA
visualized using BRIGHT FIELD MICROSCOPY
35
Where is BORRELIAE isolated and cultured?
KELLY MEDIUM
36
What is the incubation period of BORRELIA
2 to 15 days incubation period
37
what are the clinical manifestation of Borrelia
sudden increase of temperature - rigors - severe headache - muscle pains - weakness
38
What are the 3 stages of Lyme disease
- Early infection (appearance of ERYTHEMA MIGRANS) - Dissemination - Late manifestation
39
Erythema Migrans (EM) can be seen in what stage of Lyme disease?
-Early infection
40
-Joint and bone pain -neurologic and cardiologic -splenomegaly is seen in what stage of Lyme disease?
-Dissemination (2nd stage)
41
Abnormality in your cardiac tissue -musculoskeletal tissue is seen in what stage of Lyme disease
-late manifestation or late persistent infection (3rd stage)
42
T/F | In the 3rd stage, the persistent infection. Arthiritis will occur months or years
TRUE
43
What is the virulence factor of Borrelia burgdorferi
-bind plasminogen and urokinase-type plasminogen activator
44
T/F | Giemsa or Wright stained smears of blood is use for the microscopic examination of Borrelia
TRUE
45
What are the characteristics of TREPONEMA PALLIDUM
- thin, spiral - it can CROSS PLACENTA or MUCOUS MEMBRANE - antigenic variation
46
What is the mode of visualizations of TREPONEMA PALLIDUM
DARK-FILED MICROSCOPY
47
What subsp. of T. pallidum causes VENEREAL SYPHILIS
T. pallidum subsp. pallidum
48
What subsp. of T. pallidum causes YAWS
T. pallidum subsp. PERTUENE
49
What subsp. of T. pallidum causes ENDEMIC SYPHILIS (bejel)
T. pallidum subsp. ENDEMICUM
50
What species causes PINTA
T. carateum
51
T/F | T. pallidum can cross placenta and mucous membrane
TRUE NOTE: if it can cross placenta it can affect the fetus and can cause CONGENITAL SYPHILIS which can cause tissue degradation/digestion
52
T/F | When you have syphilis you are prone to get HIV
TRUE
53
T/F | Syphilis has 3 stages namely primary, secondary, and third stage
TRUE
54
it occurs after the infection and incubation period - rapid multiplication of the organism - skin lesion - Chancre (genital ulcer)
Primary stage
55
after 2 to 12 weeks - patient may develop fever, soar throat, lymph adenopathy - lesions - condyloma latum - the most critical stage
Secondary stage
56
- latency period - Skin lesion (painful) - appearance of GUMMA
Third stage
57
T/F | if more than 1 year it is called LATENT SYPHILIS
truE
58
T/F | If the sings and symptoms persist with 1 year it is called
EARLY LATENT SYPHILIS
59
Serologic test for non-Treponemal test
- VDRL (venereal disease research laboratory) - RPR (Rapid plasma reagin) - detects reaginic antibodies (formed or develop against lipids from damage cells
60
Commonly used serologic test for NON-TRPONEMAL test it uses charcoal as indicator
RPR
61
Serologic test for -Treponemal test
- TP-PA (t.pallidum particulate agglutination ) - FTA-ABS (fluorescent treponemal antibodies Absorption) - detects antibodies SPECIFIC for T.pallidum - to confirm non-treponemal test
62
this test uses fluorescent labeled antihuman antibodies
-FTA-ABS
63
Choice of drug for syphilis
PENICILLIN

BACTERIOLOGY (18 decks)

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