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Psyc122 Test Material > W8 - Language > Flashcards

W8 - Language Flashcards

1
Q

phonemes

A
  • speech sounds that epress meaning
  • signle unit of sound that changes meaning

around 200 diff ypes of human made sounds are used in langauge

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2
Q

phonemes between diff. languages

A

they may have similar speach sounds but use them in diff. ways to signal meaning

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3
Q

allophonic

A

acousticall different but not functionally diffrent

in english: spill vs pill

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4
Q

phonemic

A

signals difference in menaing

in thai: paa (short p) vs phaa (long p)

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5
Q

Morphemes

A

the smallest language unit that carry meaning

words, suffixes and prefixes

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6
Q

unbound/free morphemes

A

words

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7
Q

bound morphemes

A

affixes and suffixes

re, pre, un and ing, er, s

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8
Q

morphemes= words

A

content

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9
Q

morphemes= affixes and suffixes

A

Function (grammatical)

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10
Q

semantic language processing relise on processing what?

A

content words:
 Content words map onto concepts
 Concept is a unit of semantic memory
 Categories – Lecturers, caves, dogs

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11
Q

synactic language processing relies on processing what?

A

function words (unbound morphemes)

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12
Q

what are content words?

A

nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

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13
Q

what are function words?

A

pronouns, prepositions, conjuntives

plus words like: that, this, a, the, if, to

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14
Q

Aphasia

A

the inability to produce and understand language

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15
Q

Broca’s Aphasia characteristics

A

inability to process syntaxs

mainly talks with content words

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16
Q

Language-Relevant Brain Areas:

A

Right-handed People: left hemisphere,
mostly lower edge of frontal lobe and
upper edge of temporal lobe

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17
Q

Syntax

A

the structure of language in phrases and sentences
- rules for odering words are leraned implicity

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18
Q

syntax is cued by what?

A

Morphology
Word order
Word class

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19
Q

syntax - Morphology:

A
  • bound morphemes e.g talks
  • different morphemes e.g he hit him
  • word order e.g john loves mary
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20
Q

syntax - Word order

A

who is doing to whom
- sunject - object - verb (can be ordered diff between languages)

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21
Q

Syntax - Word class

A

word order helps us identify the word class
- adjective, noun, verb

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22
Q

Wernick’s Aphasia characteristic

A

inability to understand word reprsenation, semantics, and mapping between phonolgy an semantics

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23
Q

Wernick’s Area

A

left temporal lobe, next to primary auditoray cortex. translates sounds into meaning

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24
Q

syntax cues meaning

25
A proposition
statement that expresses an idea
26
structure of language maps onto what?
who is doing what to whom
27
early infants and understanding language 1to 4 month olds
they can discrimminate between all phonemes from all languahes
28
9 month infants langauge detection
they begin to fine tune their percetion to the language(s) they are growing up in
29
the set of sounds infants make
cooing reduplicated babbling variegated babbling
30
cooing occurs at?
2 months
31
Reduplicated babbling occurs at? | the sam syllable over and over
6-7 months
32
Variegated babbling | syllables with diff conconants and vowls
11-12 months with occurs after adaption at 10 months
33
why can infants only make a limmited set of sounds?
- the shape of the infants vocal tract - development of motor cortex
34
differences in production vs comprehension
- comprehension of words comes before the prodcution of vocabulary by 4 months avg - initial acquisition rates for comprehension of words is 2x that of production - phoneme discrimination (compredension before prodction)
35
underextension of words
a word that could repsent a whole cattegory is only apllied to one situation. e.g. dog is only the family dog and not other dogs
36
overextension of a word
a word is used for more then on distinct category e.g. dog being used to name both dogs and cats
37
protowords
have some features of langauge but is not comprehensible
38
non-verbal functions of language seen in toddlers
- turn taking - pitch
39
holophrase
when a singal word is used as a whole sentance. e.g. water = can i please have that glass of water
40
language development at age 2
semantic relations are formed through combining words
41
language at age 4
syntax is added - begins to look like adult language
42
at how many words does langauge production take off?
50 words
43
Nativist views of Language
**language is innately aquited** - kids have a biological predispotion to learn langauge - language bioprogam hypothrsis - Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
44
evidance for the Nativist view
children acquire language: 1. rapidly 2. effortlessly 3. and without being taught
45
Nativist view: language bioprogram hypothesis
sensitive period - this ends by puberty obce lateralization occurs ## Footnote evidence= isolated chilren and deaf signers
46
Nativist view: Sensitive period vs. critical period
sensitive period is where the developent of anmuages is easiest to obtain and gets harder outside of this time but not impossible. critical period is were the bevaiour cna only be obtained around a curtain time like goslings attacment to a mother figure. once that period is over the behaviour is set and cannot be chnaged or futher obtained.
47
Language View: General learning capacities
**kids learn language through general learing mechanisms** - alternative view to nativisim - kids use **domain general** skills - pattern recgonition - against poverty of stim claim
48
General learning capacity: statistical learning
- learing word bounderies - babies looked longer at novil word pairs
49
Social Learning View
**Language is learned through social interaction** - innate/ evolutionary explanantion to language - parentese influnce shilds langauge and vocab
50
social context of early word learning
- parents guide kids talking - gaze and objcets are connected - socila routines help guide learning
51
interdepedent cultures
- social roles are most salient - self concept is part of the group - group goals take priority - relationships crucial
52
Independent cultures
- internal attributes most salient - self concepts seperate from group - personal goals take priority over groups
53
interdepedent cultures and learning langauge
situation-centred talk - child learning to adapt to situations
54
Independent cultures and learning language
child-centred talk - caregivers adapt talk to child's level
55
what kind of language development did Chompsky favour?
Nature universa grammer: Language aquisition device (LAD)
56
what is an LAD
a set of innate neural structures specsific for aquiring language
57
what kind of language development did skinner favour?
Nurture that kids learn through imitation, reinforcement, punishment, generalisation and discrimination. it requires no special principles
58
telegraphic speech
utterances composed of only the most essential words for meaning (as in a telegram).

Psyc122 Test Material (12 decks)

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