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Psyc122 Test Material > W8 - Language > Flashcards

W8 - Language Flashcards

1
Q

phonemes

A
  • speech sounds that epress meaning
  • signle unit of sound that changes meaning

around 200 diff ypes of human made sounds are used in langauge

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2
Q

phonemes between diff. languages

A

they may have similar speach sounds but use them in diff. ways to signal meaning

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3
Q

allophonic

A

acousticall different but not functionally diffrent

in english: spill vs pill

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4
Q

phonemic

A

signals difference in menaing

in thai: paa (short p) vs phaa (long p)

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5
Q

Morphemes

A

the smallest language unit that carry meaning

words, suffixes and prefixes

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6
Q

unbound/free morphemes

A

words

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7
Q

bound morphemes

A

affixes and suffixes

re, pre, un and ing, er, s

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8
Q

morphemes= words

A

content

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9
Q

morphemes= affixes and suffixes

A

Function (grammatical)

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10
Q

semantic language processing relise on processing what?

A

content words:
 Content words map onto concepts
 Concept is a unit of semantic memory
 Categories – Lecturers, caves, dogs

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11
Q

synactic language processing relies on processing what?

A

function words (unbound morphemes)

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12
Q

what are content words?

A

nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

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13
Q

what are function words?

A

pronouns, prepositions, conjuntives

plus words like: that, this, a, the, if, to

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14
Q

Aphasia

A

the inability to produce and understand language

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15
Q

Broca’s Aphasia characteristics

A

inability to process syntaxs

mainly talks with content words

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16
Q

Language-Relevant Brain Areas:

A

Right-handed People: left hemisphere,
mostly lower edge of frontal lobe and
upper edge of temporal lobe

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17
Q

Syntax

A

the structure of language in phrases and sentences
- rules for odering words are leraned implicity

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18
Q

syntax is cued by what?

A

Morphology
Word order
Word class

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19
Q

syntax - Morphology:

A
  • bound morphemes e.g talks
  • different morphemes e.g he hit him
  • word order e.g john loves mary
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20
Q

syntax - Word order

A

who is doing to whom
- sunject - object - verb (can be ordered diff between languages)

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21
Q

Syntax - Word class

A

word order helps us identify the word class
- adjective, noun, verb

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22
Q

Wernick’s Aphasia characteristic

A

inability to understand word reprsenation, semantics, and mapping between phonolgy an semantics

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23
Q

Wernick’s Area

A

left temporal lobe, next to primary auditoray cortex. translates sounds into meaning

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24
Q

syntax cues meaning

A

semantics

25
Q

A proposition

A

statement that expresses an idea

26
Q

structure of language maps onto what?

A

who is doing what to whom

27
Q

early infants and understanding language
1to 4 month olds

A

they can discrimminate between all phonemes from all languahes

28
Q

9 month infants langauge detection

A

they begin to fine tune their percetion to the language(s) they are growing up in

29
Q

the set of sounds infants make

A

cooing
reduplicated babbling
variegated babbling

30
Q

cooing occurs at?

A

2 months

31
Q

Reduplicated babbling occurs at?

the sam syllable over and over

A

6-7 months

32
Q

Variegated babbling

syllables with diff conconants and vowls

A

11-12 months
with occurs after adaption at 10 months

33
Q

why can infants only make a limmited set of sounds?

A
  • the shape of the infants vocal tract
  • development of motor cortex
34
Q

differences in production vs comprehension

A
  • comprehension of words comes before the prodcution of vocabulary by 4 months avg
  • initial acquisition rates for comprehension of words is 2x that of production
  • phoneme discrimination (compredension before prodction)
35
Q

underextension of words

A

a word that could repsent a whole cattegory is only apllied to one situation.
e.g. dog is only the family dog and not other dogs

36
Q

overextension of a word

A

a word is used for more then on distinct category
e.g. dog being used to name both dogs and cats

37
Q

protowords

A

have some features of langauge but is not comprehensible

38
Q

non-verbal functions of language seen in toddlers

A
  • turn taking
  • pitch
39
Q

holophrase

A

when a singal word is used as a whole sentance.
e.g. water = can i please have that glass of water

40
Q

language development at age 2

A

semantic relations are formed through combining words

41
Q

language at age 4

A

syntax is added - begins to look like adult language

42
Q

at how many words does langauge production take off?

A

50 words

43
Q

Nativist views of Language

A

language is innately aquited
- kids have a biological predispotion to learn langauge
- language bioprogam hypothrsis
- Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

44
Q

evidance for the Nativist view

A

children acquire language:
1. rapidly
2. effortlessly
3. and without being taught

45
Q

Nativist view: language bioprogram hypothesis

A

sensitive period - this ends by puberty obce lateralization occurs

evidence= isolated chilren and deaf signers

46
Q

Nativist view: Sensitive period vs. critical period

A

sensitive period is where the developent of anmuages is easiest to obtain and gets harder outside of this time but not impossible.

critical period is were the bevaiour cna only be obtained around a curtain time like goslings attacment to a mother figure. once that period is over the behaviour is set and cannot be chnaged or futher obtained.

47
Q

Language View: General learning capacities

A

kids learn language through general learing mechanisms
- alternative view to nativisim
- kids use domain general skills
- pattern recgonition
- against poverty of stim claim

48
Q

General learning capacity: statistical learning

A
  • learing word bounderies
  • babies looked longer at novil word pairs
49
Q

Social Learning View

A

Language is learned through social interaction
- innate/ evolutionary explanantion to language
- parentese influnce shilds langauge and vocab

50
Q

social context of early word learning

A
  • parents guide kids talking
  • gaze and objcets are connected
  • socila routines help guide learning
51
Q

interdepedent cultures

A
  • social roles are most salient
  • self concept is part of the group
  • group goals take priority
  • relationships crucial
52
Q

Independent cultures

A
  • internal attributes most salient
  • self concepts seperate from group
  • personal goals take priority over groups
53
Q

interdepedent cultures and learning langauge

A

situation-centred talk
- child learning to adapt to situations

54
Q

Independent cultures and learning language

A

child-centred talk
- caregivers adapt talk to child’s level

55
Q

what kind of language development did Chompsky favour?

A

Nature
universa grammer: Language aquisition device (LAD)

56
Q

what is an LAD

A

a set of innate neural structures specsific for aquiring language

57
Q

what kind of language development did skinner favour?

A

Nurture
that kids learn through imitation, reinforcement, punishment, generalisation and discrimination.
it requires no special principles

58
Q

telegraphic speech

A

utterances composed of only the most essential words for meaning (as in a telegram).

Psyc122 Test Material (12 decks)

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