W11 - Emotion Flashcards
what are adaptive advantages of emotions
- activate survival mechanisms
- motivates adaptive behaviour
- optimise use of cognitive resources
- communicate needs and intrntions
what are the three key aspects of emotion
- physiology
- behvaiour
- subjective experience
classifiying emotions: Discreet Models
Cowan & Keltner (2017)
Basic Categories
◦ Happiness, Anger, Sadness, Fear, Surprise, Disgust
Blended Categories
◦ Jealousy, Awe, Contempt,
Social Emotions
◦ Shame, Empathy, Love
Intellectual Emotions
◦ Curiosity, Boredom
Homeostatic Emotions
◦ Hunger, Pain, Thirst, Itch
Classifying emotions: Dimensional Models
Valence
◦ Positive/Negative; Pleasant/Unpleasant
Arousal
◦ High Low
Motivation
◦ Approach/Withdraw
Three kinds of emotion theories
- Basic Emotion Theories
- Psychological Constructionist Theories
- Appraisal Theories
leaders in Basic Emotion Theories
Dawin
Ekman
leaders in Psychological Constructionist Theories
James
Schacter & Singer
Feldman Barrett
leaders in Appraisal Theories
Cannon-Bard
Arnold
Ekman: what makes an emotion basic
Emotions are discrete neural/physiological/behavioural states triggered by defined (evolutionarily relevant) situations and can be seen in everyone.
James-Lange Theory
stimulus/situation = response = subjective emotional responce
Schacter & Singer: Attribution of Arousal
Situation triggers physiological response or Context determines how we interpret the physiological response
Emotion = physiology + interpretation
stimulus/situation = repsonce = cognitive evalution = subjective emotion
Psychological Constructionist
Approaches
Emotions emerge from the combined actions of
core psychological processes:
◦ Core affect (in the body: positive or negative?)
◦ Conceptualisation (what is it?)
◦ Executive attention (what is important about it?)
◦ Language (what do I call it?)
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
eliciting stimulus/situation = subcortical activity in thalamus = autonomic arousal + conscious emotions
Arnold’s Appralsal Theory of emotion
situation = appraisal (good or bad) = emotions = action
Appraisal Theories
A stimulus initiates appraisal in terms of its components
◦ Is it good or bad?
◦ Does it further or hinder my goal?
◦ Is it novel or familiar?
◦ Is it controllable?
◦ Will I succeed or fail to manage?
Outcome gives rise to emotional response
the thinking high road - fear repsonse
slow!
fear stimulus is percieved, it is then sent to the thalamus - sensory cortex - prefrontal cortex - amygdala - then you respond
the speedy low road - fear response
Fast!
fear stimulus is percieved, it is then sent to the thalamus which sends it straight to the amygdala and a response is generated
what is significant about the amygdala
it is the most interconnected part of the brain and sends and recieves the most responces
sympathetic nervous system
fight-or-flight
* Mobilises resources for action
* Protects the body in stressful situations
* speeds up everything
parasympathetic nervous system
rest-and-digest
* Conserves energy and resources
* Recovery after stress
* saves resources
* slows things down
Prefrontal Cortex:
Acting, deciding and thinking:
* Appraisal/Evaluation
* Decision-Making
* Goal-Setting/Action
* Emotion Regulation
Amygdala:
emotion and pain
* Emotional Arousal
* Emotional Response
* Classical Conditioning
Hippocampus:
- Emotional Memory
(conbines the amygdala and prefrontal cortex)
right side of the brain
emotional process:
- negative emotions
- tone of voice= how is it being said
left side of the brain
- positive emotions
- language= ehat is being said
Physiological response to threat/stress: compounds and nurotransmitters
- Glucose
- Adrenalin/Norepinephrine
- Cortisol
- Activation of Amygdala-Hippocampus interaction
necognisting objects in our environemnt Kensinger et al (2007)
the found that we recognise negative objects far more then nutrial objects or their envirnemnts (backgrounds)
Cahill & McGaugh (1995): emotional storyline
Participants viewed the same story slides with either a neutral or emotional
plot.
- better recall of events from emotional slides
- better recognition of emotional slides
Kensinger & Schacter (2006): + and - emotional memory
- those with a positive experince remembered more personal details and were more confident over time but not as accurate.
- those with negative experience remembered more event details that were more consistant over time.
Mood congruent memory
when we are sad, sad memories are more accessible than happy memories. this cognitive bias can maintain the cycle of depression
Traumatic memory
traumatic events are likely to be vividly remebered, and difficult to forget. Persistent memory can contribute to PTSD
Flahbulb Memories: Bron & Kulik (1977)
Dramatic events “imprinted” in memory
- often negative
- personally and socially significant
Highly detailed
- where u were
- who u were with
- detailed features
How accurate are flashbulb memories?
Talarico & Rubin (2003)
- Less accurate than everyday memoreis
- stronger belief that they are accurate than everyday ones.
why are flashbulb memories so vivid?
- emotion aids encoding, consolidation, and retrieval
- repeated recall
- but still subject to forgetting and reconstruction
PTSD and emotion - definition
pathology includes emotion dysregulation
PTSD - Overmodulation of affect
dissociation & numbness
- hard to remember events properly
PTSD - undermodulation of effect
“re-experiencing” can cause attacks
- cant forget memory
- pops up at inappropriet times
Dissociation - PTSD
- fragmentation of functions that are usually intergrate (identity, body awareness)
- alterations in time sense, perception, pain ect
A process Model of Emtion Regulation
- situation selection= avoiding
- situation modification= probelm-solving
- attentional deployment= distraction
- cognitve change= distancing & reinterpretation
- response modulation= expressive suppression
what are the Basic Emotions Theories: Ekman
a small set of basic emotions :
- that are evolutionarily adaptive,
- gives rise to distinct emotional states and
- epressions and that are displayed universally.
Psychological Constructionist Theories: Barrett
emotions emerge from the combined actions of core psychological processes
Are Emotions Universal?
many aspects of emotions are common across people, but not every aspect is universal
e.g facila features are not diagnostoc of the emtion one is feeling
what can differ across cultures: emotions
- the value of curtain emotions
- how e talk about emotions
- how we express emotions
The Self-Assessment Manikin
measures:
- Valence (analog scale= negative to positive)
- Arousal
Geneva Emotion Wheel
measures: emotion categories using valence, arousal
and intensitiy or amount
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)
measures the degree to which a person experiences positive or negative emotions over a certain period of time.
occuring right now= state
occures long tern= trait
electrodermal responding
captures chnages in electrical conductivity of the skin through sweat created due to the symp NS
Facial electromyography (EMG)
captures activity from the zygomaticus major(smiles)
and corrugator supercilia muscles (frowns)
zygomaticus major
smile
corrugator supercilia muscles
frown
