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Psyc122 Test Material > W11 - Emotion > Flashcards

W11 - Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

what are adaptive advantages of emotions

A
  • activate survival mechanisms
  • motivates adaptive behaviour
  • optimise use of cognitive resources
  • communicate needs and intrntions
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2
Q

what are the three key aspects of emotion

A
  1. physiology
  2. behvaiour
  3. subjective experience
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3
Q

classifiying emotions: Discreet Models
Cowan & Keltner (2017)

A

Basic Categories
◦ Happiness, Anger, Sadness, Fear, Surprise, Disgust

Blended Categories
◦ Jealousy, Awe, Contempt,

Social Emotions
◦ Shame, Empathy, Love

Intellectual Emotions
◦ Curiosity, Boredom

Homeostatic Emotions
◦ Hunger, Pain, Thirst, Itch

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4
Q

Classifying emotions: Dimensional Models

A

Valence
◦ Positive/Negative; Pleasant/Unpleasant

Arousal
◦ High Low

Motivation
◦ Approach/Withdraw

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5
Q

Three kinds of emotion theories

A
  1. Basic Emotion Theories
  2. Psychological Constructionist Theories
  3. Appraisal Theories
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6
Q

leaders in Basic Emotion Theories

A

Dawin
Ekman

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7
Q

leaders in Psychological Constructionist Theories

A

James
Schacter & Singer
Feldman Barrett

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8
Q

leaders in Appraisal Theories

A

Cannon-Bard
Arnold

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9
Q

Ekman: what makes an emotion basic

A

Emotions are discrete neural/physiological/behavioural states triggered by defined (evolutionarily relevant) situations and can be seen in everyone.

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10
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

stimulus/situation = response = subjective emotional responce

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11
Q

Schacter & Singer: Attribution of Arousal

A

Situation triggers physiological response or Context determines how we interpret the physiological response
Emotion = physiology + interpretation

stimulus/situation = repsonce = cognitive evalution = subjective emotion

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12
Q

Psychological Constructionist
Approaches

A

Emotions emerge from the combined actions of
core psychological processes:
◦ Core affect (in the body: positive or negative?)
◦ Conceptualisation (what is it?)
◦ Executive attention (what is important about it?)
◦ Language (what do I call it?)

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13
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A

eliciting stimulus/situation = subcortical activity in thalamus = autonomic arousal + conscious emotions

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14
Q

Arnold’s Appralsal Theory of emotion

A

situation = appraisal (good or bad) = emotions = action

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15
Q

Appraisal Theories

A

A stimulus initiates appraisal in terms of its components
◦ Is it good or bad?
◦ Does it further or hinder my goal?
◦ Is it novel or familiar?
◦ Is it controllable?
◦ Will I succeed or fail to manage?
Outcome gives rise to emotional response

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16
Q

the thinking high road - fear repsonse

A

slow!
fear stimulus is percieved, it is then sent to the thalamus - sensory cortex - prefrontal cortex - amygdala - then you respond

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17
Q

the speedy low road - fear response

A

Fast!
fear stimulus is percieved, it is then sent to the thalamus which sends it straight to the amygdala and a response is generated

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18
Q

what is significant about the amygdala

A

it is the most interconnected part of the brain and sends and recieves the most responces

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19
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight-or-flight
* Mobilises resources for action
* Protects the body in stressful situations
* speeds up everything

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20
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest-and-digest
* Conserves energy and resources
* Recovery after stress
* saves resources
* slows things down

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21
Q

Prefrontal Cortex:

A

Acting, deciding and thinking:
* Appraisal/Evaluation
* Decision-Making
* Goal-Setting/Action
* Emotion Regulation

22
Q

Amygdala:

A

emotion and pain
* Emotional Arousal
* Emotional Response
* Classical Conditioning

23
Q

Hippocampus:

A
  • Emotional Memory
    (conbines the amygdala and prefrontal cortex)
24
Q

right side of the brain

A

emotional process:
- negative emotions
- tone of voice= how is it being said

25
left side of the brain
- positive emotions - language= ehat is being said
26
Physiological response to threat/stress: compounds and nurotransmitters
* Glucose * Adrenalin/Norepinephrine * Cortisol * Activation of Amygdala-Hippocampus interaction
27
necognisting objects in our environemnt Kensinger et al (2007)
the found that we recognise negative objects far more then nutrial objects or their envirnemnts (backgrounds)
28
Cahill & McGaugh (1995): emotional storyline
Participants viewed the same story slides with either a neutral or emotional plot. - better recall of events from emotional slides - better recognition of emotional slides
29
Kensinger & Schacter (2006): + and - emotional memory
- those with a **positive** experince remembered **more personal details** and were more **confident** over time but not as accurate. - those with **negative** experience remembered **more event details** that were more **consistant** over time.
30
Mood congruent memory
when we are sad, sad memories are more accessible than happy memories. this cognitive bias can maintain the cycle of depression
31
Traumatic memory
traumatic events are likely to be vividly remebered, and difficult to forget. Persistent memory can contribute to PTSD
32
Flahbulb Memories: Bron & Kulik (1977)
Dramatic events "imprinted" in memory - often negative - personally and socially significant Highly detailed - where u were - who u were with - detailed features
33
How accurate are flashbulb memories? Talarico & Rubin (2003)
- Less accurate than everyday memoreis - stronger belief that they are accurate than everyday ones.
34
why are flashbulb memories so vivid?
- emotion aids encoding, consolidation, and retrieval - repeated recall - but still subject to forgetting and reconstruction
35
PTSD and emotion - definition
pathology includes emotion dysregulation
36
PTSD - Overmodulation of affect
dissociation & numbness - hard to remember events properly
36
PTSD - undermodulation of effect
"re-experiencing" can cause attacks - cant forget memory - pops up at inappropriet times
37
Dissociation - PTSD
- fragmentation of functions that are usually intergrate (identity, body awareness) - alterations in time sense, perception, pain ect
38
A process Model of Emtion Regulation
1. situation selection= avoiding 2. situation modification= probelm-solving 3. attentional deployment= distraction 4. cognitve change= distancing & reinterpretation 5. response modulation= expressive suppression
39
what are the Basic Emotions Theories: Ekman
a small set of **basic emotions** : - that are **evolutionarily adaptive**, - gives rise to **distinct emotional states** and - epressions and that are **displayed universally**.
40
Psychological Constructionist Theories: Barrett
emotions emerge from the combined actions of core psychological processes
41
Are Emotions Universal?
many aspects of emotions are common across people, but not every aspect is universal e.g facila features are not diagnostoc of the emtion one is feeling
42
what can differ across cultures: emotions
- the value of curtain emotions - how e talk about emotions - how we express emotions
43
The Self-Assessment Manikin
measures: - Valence (analog scale= negative to positive) - Arousal
44
Geneva Emotion Wheel
measures: emotion categories using valence, arousal and intensitiy or amount
45
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)
measures the degree to which a person experiences positive or negative emotions over a certain period of time. occuring right now= state occures long tern= trait
46
electrodermal responding
captures chnages in electrical conductivity of the skin through sweat created due to the symp NS
47
Facial electromyography (EMG)
captures activity from the zygomaticus major(smiles) and corrugator supercilia muscles (frowns)
48
zygomaticus major
smile
49
corrugator supercilia muscles
frown

Psyc122 Test Material (12 decks)

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