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Psyc122 Test Material > W11 - Emotion > Flashcards

W11 - Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

what are adaptive advantages of emotions

A
  • activate survival mechanisms
  • motivates adaptive behaviour
  • optimise use of cognitive resources
  • communicate needs and intrntions
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2
Q

what are the three key aspects of emotion

A
  1. physiology
  2. behvaiour
  3. subjective experience
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3
Q

classifiying emotions: Discreet Models
Cowan & Keltner (2017)

A

Basic Categories
◦ Happiness, Anger, Sadness, Fear, Surprise, Disgust

Blended Categories
◦ Jealousy, Awe, Contempt,

Social Emotions
◦ Shame, Empathy, Love

Intellectual Emotions
◦ Curiosity, Boredom

Homeostatic Emotions
◦ Hunger, Pain, Thirst, Itch

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4
Q

Classifying emotions: Dimensional Models

A

Valence
◦ Positive/Negative; Pleasant/Unpleasant

Arousal
◦ High Low

Motivation
◦ Approach/Withdraw

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5
Q

Three kinds of emotion theories

A
  1. Basic Emotion Theories
  2. Psychological Constructionist Theories
  3. Appraisal Theories
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6
Q

leaders in Basic Emotion Theories

A

Dawin
Ekman

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7
Q

leaders in Psychological Constructionist Theories

A

James
Schacter & Singer
Feldman Barrett

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8
Q

leaders in Appraisal Theories

A

Cannon-Bard
Arnold

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9
Q

Ekman: what makes an emotion basic

A

Emotions are discrete neural/physiological/behavioural states triggered by defined (evolutionarily relevant) situations and can be seen in everyone.

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10
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

stimulus/situation = response = subjective emotional responce

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11
Q

Schacter & Singer: Attribution of Arousal

A

Situation triggers physiological response or Context determines how we interpret the physiological response
Emotion = physiology + interpretation

stimulus/situation = repsonce = cognitive evalution = subjective emotion

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12
Q

Psychological Constructionist
Approaches

A

Emotions emerge from the combined actions of
core psychological processes:
◦ Core affect (in the body: positive or negative?)
◦ Conceptualisation (what is it?)
◦ Executive attention (what is important about it?)
◦ Language (what do I call it?)

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13
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A

eliciting stimulus/situation = subcortical activity in thalamus = autonomic arousal + conscious emotions

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14
Q

Arnold’s Appralsal Theory of emotion

A

situation = appraisal (good or bad) = emotions = action

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15
Q

Appraisal Theories

A

A stimulus initiates appraisal in terms of its components
◦ Is it good or bad?
◦ Does it further or hinder my goal?
◦ Is it novel or familiar?
◦ Is it controllable?
◦ Will I succeed or fail to manage?
Outcome gives rise to emotional response

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16
Q

the thinking high road - fear repsonse

A

slow!
fear stimulus is percieved, it is then sent to the thalamus - sensory cortex - prefrontal cortex - amygdala - then you respond

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17
Q

the speedy low road - fear response

A

Fast!
fear stimulus is percieved, it is then sent to the thalamus which sends it straight to the amygdala and a response is generated

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18
Q

what is significant about the amygdala

A

it is the most interconnected part of the brain and sends and recieves the most responces

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19
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight-or-flight
* Mobilises resources for action
* Protects the body in stressful situations
* speeds up everything

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20
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest-and-digest
* Conserves energy and resources
* Recovery after stress
* saves resources
* slows things down

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21
Q

Prefrontal Cortex:

A

Acting, deciding and thinking:
* Appraisal/Evaluation
* Decision-Making
* Goal-Setting/Action
* Emotion Regulation

22
Q

Amygdala:

A

emotion and pain
* Emotional Arousal
* Emotional Response
* Classical Conditioning

23
Q

Hippocampus:

A
  • Emotional Memory
    (conbines the amygdala and prefrontal cortex)
24
Q

right side of the brain

A

emotional process:
- negative emotions
- tone of voice= how is it being said

25
Q

left side of the brain

A
  • positive emotions
  • language= ehat is being said
26
Q

Physiological response to threat/stress: compounds and nurotransmitters

A
  • Glucose
  • Adrenalin/Norepinephrine
  • Cortisol
  • Activation of Amygdala-Hippocampus interaction
27
Q

necognisting objects in our environemnt Kensinger et al (2007)

A

the found that we recognise negative objects far more then nutrial objects or their envirnemnts (backgrounds)

28
Q

Cahill & McGaugh (1995): emotional storyline

A

Participants viewed the same story slides with either a neutral or emotional
plot.
- better recall of events from emotional slides
- better recognition of emotional slides

29
Q

Kensinger & Schacter (2006): + and - emotional memory

A
  • those with a positive experince remembered more personal details and were more confident over time but not as accurate.
  • those with negative experience remembered more event details that were more consistant over time.
30
Q

Mood congruent memory

A

when we are sad, sad memories are more accessible than happy memories. this cognitive bias can maintain the cycle of depression

31
Q

Traumatic memory

A

traumatic events are likely to be vividly remebered, and difficult to forget. Persistent memory can contribute to PTSD

32
Q

Flahbulb Memories: Bron & Kulik (1977)

A

Dramatic events “imprinted” in memory
- often negative
- personally and socially significant

Highly detailed
- where u were
- who u were with
- detailed features

33
Q

How accurate are flashbulb memories?
Talarico & Rubin (2003)

A
  • Less accurate than everyday memoreis
  • stronger belief that they are accurate than everyday ones.
34
Q

why are flashbulb memories so vivid?

A
  • emotion aids encoding, consolidation, and retrieval
  • repeated recall
  • but still subject to forgetting and reconstruction
35
Q

PTSD and emotion - definition

A

pathology includes emotion dysregulation

36
Q

PTSD - Overmodulation of affect

A

dissociation & numbness
- hard to remember events properly

36
Q

PTSD - undermodulation of effect

A

“re-experiencing” can cause attacks
- cant forget memory
- pops up at inappropriet times

37
Q

Dissociation - PTSD

A
  • fragmentation of functions that are usually intergrate (identity, body awareness)
  • alterations in time sense, perception, pain ect
38
Q

A process Model of Emtion Regulation

A
  1. situation selection= avoiding
  2. situation modification= probelm-solving
  3. attentional deployment= distraction
  4. cognitve change= distancing & reinterpretation
  5. response modulation= expressive suppression
39
Q

what are the Basic Emotions Theories: Ekman

A

a small set of basic emotions :
- that are evolutionarily adaptive,
- gives rise to distinct emotional states and
- epressions and that are displayed universally.

40
Q

Psychological Constructionist Theories: Barrett

A

emotions emerge from the combined actions of core psychological processes

41
Q

Are Emotions Universal?

A

many aspects of emotions are common across people, but not every aspect is universal
e.g facila features are not diagnostoc of the emtion one is feeling

42
Q

what can differ across cultures: emotions

A
  • the value of curtain emotions
  • how e talk about emotions
  • how we express emotions
43
Q

The Self-Assessment Manikin

A

measures:
- Valence (analog scale= negative to positive)
- Arousal

44
Q

Geneva Emotion Wheel

A

measures: emotion categories using valence, arousal
and intensitiy or amount

45
Q

Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)

A

measures the degree to which a person experiences positive or negative emotions over a certain period of time.
occuring right now= state
occures long tern= trait

46
Q

electrodermal responding

A

captures chnages in electrical conductivity of the skin through sweat created due to the symp NS

47
Q

Facial electromyography (EMG)

A

captures activity from the zygomaticus major(smiles)
and corrugator supercilia muscles (frowns)

48
Q

zygomaticus major

A

smile

49
Q

corrugator supercilia muscles

A

frown

Psyc122 Test Material (12 decks)

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