W12 - Cognitive develpment Flashcards
why are children little scientists according to Piaget
they:
- construct schemes (organised was of knowing and theorising about the world)
- adapt to environment through assimilation and accommodation
Assimilation
process by which new experinces are labelled/recognisd/understood by applying an existing scheme.
e.g. bird flys so a plane is a bird
Accommodation
process by which an existing scheme is modified because a new experience does not fit into the current scheme
e.g. a plane my fly but is is not an animal so it is its own new thing
sensorimotor stage
0-2 yaers: infants awareness only expressed through their sensory and motor skills
preoperational stage
2-6 yaers: use symbols to represent ogjects but do not yet reason logically
concrete operational stage
7-12 years: can think logically about real objects and situations
formal operational stage
12+ years: can think and reason abstractly in hypothetical terms
what does piagetian theory emphasise
that development is discontinusous and involves qualitative changes
the steps
an alternative view to piaget’s
the continuous developemnt involving quantitive changes
the cerve
Experiments on the sensorimotor stage - Piaget
no object permanece and AB error
piaget - have not developed pretend play yet and belive that if they cant see it the thing does not exist.
Experiments on the preoperational stage
Fail conservation task
kids appearance is altered so it has changed e.g bigger
Fall Class-Inclusion
cats are the bigger group
Fail Piaget’s Three Mountains Task
due to egosentric thinking they can percive things from others perspectives
Experiments in the concrete operational stage
kids can now pass all previous tasks but are restricted to logical thinking and cant think abstractly
Experiments in the formal operational stage
can engage in hypothetocal deductive reasoning
can deal with propositional ideas (either, or, and)
case against piaget’s theories on the sensorimotor stage
Intermodal understanding:
- they can trasnform visual cues into motor actions = mimic adults expressions
- link motor sensations in to visual cues = look at dummy they sucked for longer
- can understand their actions lead to a consistant result
- and learn over time to perform actions to get results
case against piaget: do babies understand object perminance?
- they may already be learning the laws of nature before 2 as shown by dissapearing dolls
however until after the age of 2 they cannot bring togther abstarct thinking and intergate their thoughts.
Emergance: Piaget
Knowledge that ahs developed but not yet expressed
Expression: Baillargeon
The ability to communicated aquired knowledge
pragmatics
Contextual factors influencing language understanding.
class inclusion Findings against piaget
children are able to complete the task only if their is reduced emphasis on comparing sub-classes
Transitional Knowledge
Knowledge that is developing but not fully formed.
speech-gesture mismatch
children showing with mismacth are more receptive to new info and therefore improve on tasks
Policeman task vs mountains task
90% of 3-5 year old kids passed the police task disproving the mountains task
Theory of Mind: Sally-Anne task
3 year olds faild
4 year olds passed
Theory of Mind a pre-operational milestone or seen in sensorimotor stage?
not a mile stone as babies looked longer at an adult that looked in the place the object was when they sgould know its location, violating the laws of nature.
what do Piaget’s theories fail to distinguish between?
emergence and expression
Habituates
stops responding or loses interest
intermodal processing
the ability to associate sensations of an object from different senses or to match their own actions to behaviours they have observed visually
Representational flexibility: Memory
is the ability to retrieve memories despite changes in the cues that were present at encoding
equilibration
balancing assimilation and accommodation to adapt to the world.
conservation
that basic properties of an object or situation remain stable (are conserved) even though superficial properties may be changed.
