W12 - Cognitive develpment

Question 1

why are children little scientists according to Piaget

Answer 1

they:
- construct schemes (organised was of knowing and theorising about the world)
- adapt to environment through assimilation and accommodation

Question 2

Assimilation

Answer 2

process by which new experinces are labelled/recognisd/understood by applying an existing scheme.

e.g. bird flys so a plane is a bird

Question 3

Accommodation

Answer 3

process by which an existing scheme is modified because a new experience does not fit into the current scheme

e.g. a plane my fly but is is not an animal so it is its own new thing

Question 4

sensorimotor stage

Answer 4

0-2 yaers: infants awareness only expressed through their sensory and motor skills

Question 5

preoperational stage

Answer 5

2-6 yaers: use symbols to represent ogjects but do not yet reason logically

Question 6

concrete operational stage

Answer 6

7-12 years: can think logically about real objects and situations

Question 7

formal operational stage

Answer 7

12+ years: can think and reason abstractly in hypothetical terms

Question 8

what does piagetian theory emphasise

Answer 8

that development is discontinusous and involves qualitative changes

the steps

Question 9

an alternative view to piaget’s

Answer 9

the continuous developemnt involving quantitive changes

the cerve

Question 10

Experiments on the sensorimotor stage - Piaget

Answer 10

no object permanece and AB error
piaget - have not developed pretend play yet and belive that if they cant see it the thing does not exist.

Question 11

Experiments on the preoperational stage

Answer 11

Fail conservation task
kids appearance is altered so it has changed e.g bigger

Fall Class-Inclusion
cats are the bigger group

Fail Piaget’s Three Mountains Task
due to egosentric thinking they can percive things from others perspectives

Question 12

Experiments in the concrete operational stage

Answer 12

kids can now pass all previous tasks but are restricted to logical thinking and cant think abstractly

Question 13

Experiments in the formal operational stage

Answer 13

can engage in hypothetocal deductive reasoning
can deal with propositional ideas (either, or, and)

Question 14

case against piaget’s theories on the sensorimotor stage

Answer 14

Intermodal understanding:
- they can trasnform visual cues into motor actions = mimic adults expressions
- link motor sensations in to visual cues = look at dummy they sucked for longer
- can understand their actions lead to a consistant result
- and learn over time to perform actions to get results

Question 15

case against piaget: do babies understand object perminance?

Answer 15

• they may already be learning the laws of nature before 2 as shown by dissapearing dolls
  however until after the age of 2 they cannot bring togther abstarct thinking and intergate their thoughts.

Question 16

Emergance: Piaget

Answer 16

Knowledge that ahs developed but not yet expressed

Question 17

Expression: Baillargeon

Answer 17

The ability to communicated aquired knowledge

Question 18

pragmatics

Answer 18

Contextual factors influencing language understanding.

Question 19

class inclusion Findings against piaget

Answer 19

children are able to complete the task only if their is reduced emphasis on comparing sub-classes

Question 20

Transitional Knowledge

Answer 20

Knowledge that is developing but not fully formed.

Question 21

speech-gesture mismatch

Answer 21

children showing with mismacth are more receptive to new info and therefore improve on tasks

Question 22

Policeman task vs mountains task

Answer 22

90% of 3-5 year old kids passed the police task disproving the mountains task

Question 23

Theory of Mind: Sally-Anne task

Answer 23

3 year olds faild
4 year olds passed

Question 24

Theory of Mind a pre-operational milestone or seen in sensorimotor stage?

Answer 24

not a mile stone as babies looked longer at an adult that looked in the place the object was when they sgould know its location, violating the laws of nature.

Question 25

what do Piaget’s theories fail to distinguish between?

Answer 25

emergence and expression

Question 26

Habituates

Answer 26

stops responding or loses interest

Question 27

intermodal processing

Answer 27

the ability to associate sensations of an object from different senses or to match their own actions to behaviours they have observed visually

Question 28

Representational flexibility: Memory

Answer 28

is the ability to retrieve memories despite changes in the cues that were present at encoding

Question 29

equilibration

Answer 29

balancing assimilation and accommodation to adapt to the world.

Question 30

conservation

Answer 30

that basic properties of an object or situation remain stable (are conserved) even though superficial properties may be changed.