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Psyc122 Test Material > W3 - the brain and nervous system > Flashcards

W3 - the brain and nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

The basic assumption of all modern neuroscience and psychology:

A

Mental functions are the
product of activity in the nervous system

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2
Q

what is Cognitive neuroscience:

A

the scientific study of biological and neural processes underlying mental processes

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3
Q

Two types of nervous system

A

peripheral - PNS
Central -CNS

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4
Q

Two types of peripheral nervous system

A

Autonomic (internal regulation)
Somatic (skeletal muscles)

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5
Q

Two types of the Automatic PNS

A

Sympathetic (arousing)
Parasympathetic (calming)

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6
Q

Two types of central nervous system

A

Brain
Spinal cord

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7
Q

Functions of the autonomic nervous system

A
  • Involuntary, automatic activity
  • Controls & regulates blood vessels, organs (including the heart) and glands
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8
Q

functions of the Sympathetic PNS

A
  • Increases arousal
  • Prepares the body for survival-related action
  • Four Fs:
  • Fighting
  • Fleeing
  • Feeding
  • Mating

* The two systems act in a coordinated manner

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9
Q

Functions of the Parasympathetic PNS

A
  • Reduces arousal
  • Returns the body to resting state

* The two systems act in a coordinated manner

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10
Q

Dorsal

A

the back side of the body. For humans, this means the posterior (back) side.

think dorsal finn

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11
Q

Ventrical

A

the front or belly side of the body. For humans, this means the anterior (front) side. For example, the chest is on the ventral side of the body.

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12
Q

Medial

A

a position closer to the midline of the body

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13
Q

Lateral

A

a position farther from the midline of the body.

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14
Q

Neuraxis

A

upper neuraxis = brain
lower neuraxis = spinal cord

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15
Q

Caudal

A

a position toward the tail or the lower part of the body. In humans, this generally means towards the feet

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16
Q

Rostral

A

an anatomical term used to describe a position towards the front of the body, particularly the head or nose region. In humans and other animals, it indicates a direction towards the nose or mouth.

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17
Q

Dorsal horn

A

plays a crucial role in processing sensory information.

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18
Q

Ventral horn

A

These motor neurons are responsible for initiating and controlling voluntary movements.

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19
Q

Gray matter:

A

cell bodies

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20
Q

White matter:

A

Myelinated axons

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21
Q

The Functions of the hindbrain

A
  • Phylogenetically ancient
  • Coordinates information flow to/from the spinal cord
22
Q

Structures of the hind brain

A

Medulla
Reticular formation
Cerebellum
Pons

23
Q

Medulla:

A

Extension of the spinal cord which controls: Heart rate, Circulation, Respiration

24
Q

Reticular formation:

A

Regulates: - sleep/wake - Arousal

25
Q

Cerebellum:

A
  • Controls fine motor activity
  • Doesn’t initiate movements, but refines and smooths them
26
Q

Pons:

A
  • Relays info between cerebellum and the rest of brain
27
Q

Functions of the midbrain

A

The midbrain coordinates basic functions related to
perception and action

28
Q

Structures of the midbrain

A

Tectum (dorsal)
Tegmentum (ventral)
Substantia nigra (part of the tegmentum)

29
Q

Tectum (dorsal):

A

Spatial orienting to the environment
- Superior colliculi – vision
- Inferior colliculi - audition

30
Q

Tegmentum (ventral):

A
  • Movement
  • Arousal
  • Pleasure seeking
31
Q

Substantia nigra (part of the tegmentum)

A
  • High level of dopamine gives it dark colour
  • Pale colour in Parkinson’s disease
32
Q

Sub-cortical Structures of the forebrain

A

Basal ganglia
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Cerebral cortex

33
Q

Basal ganglia:

A

Plan initiation of intentional movements

34
Q

Thalamus:

A

Relays & filters info from the senses to the cortex

35
Q

Hypothalamus:

A

Regulates internal body functions – temperature, hunger, 4 Fs
(Limbic system)

36
Q

Pituitary gland:

A

Regulates hormones

37
Q

Hippocampus:

A

Spatial navigation
* Creates and integrates new memories (but not long-term storage)
(Limbic system)

38
Q

Amygdala:

A

Emotional processing & memory – particularly fear
(Limbic system)

39
Q

structures in the Limbic system

A

Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Amtgdala

40
Q

Gyrus

A

a peak of the folds of the cortex

41
Q

Sulcus

A

a valley of the folds of the cortex

42
Q

the forbrain

A

cortex
- made up of a left and right hemisphere

43
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

the bit connceting the two hemispheres

44
Q

Precentral gyrus:

A

Primary Motor cortex

45
Q

Postcentral gyrus:

A

Primary Somatosensory cortex

46
Q

what was importanat about Neurosurgery: Brain stimulation and how in the 1950s: Penfield stimulated exposed cortical surface with an electrode during surgery

A
  • Mapped functions
  • it gave Important knowledge about the brain
  • and knowing what not to cut out!
47
Q

Frontal lobe:

A

Motor cortex
* Planning
* Abstract thinking
* Executive control

48
Q

Parietal lobe:

A

somatosensory cortex
* Spatial attention
* Sensory integration
* Object location
* Numbers/quantities

49
Q

Occipital lobe:

A

primary visual corext
* Vision

50
Q

Temporal lobe:

A

Primary auditory cortex
* Semantic knowledge
* Word meanings
* Object identification
* Audition

51
Q

Why is CSF (Cerebro-Spinal Fluid) important?

A

CSF provides shock absorption, protecting brain tissue during movement.

Psyc122 Test Material (12 decks)

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