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Psyc122 Test Material > W2 - Biological Basis of the Brain > Flashcards

W2 - Biological Basis of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the Nervous System

A
  • controls actions
  • sends info from the skin to the brain
  • conroles senses and perception
  • processing of memories
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2
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

is located in the middle of the body and conncets the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Peripheral Nerous System (PNS)

A

stems out from the CNS and connects the lims with the spinal cord

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4
Q

Neuronal Cells

A

percieves signals (info) and sends that info incoded signal off

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5
Q

Dendrites

A

are always expecting to detect signals and to send them to the cell body

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6
Q

Cell body

A

holds the life support system of the cell

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7
Q

Axon

A

carries info away from the cell body

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8
Q

Terminal region

A

links to the next cell and sends signals to thier dendrites

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9
Q

Features of Dendritic Spines

A

they have extra surface area

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10
Q

Axon Hillock

A

keeps score of the charge of signals coming in

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11
Q

all or nothing

A

a score below 55 the cell wont fire and send the signal on

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12
Q

the myelin sheath

A

is an insaltion on the axon and allows for signals to move faser down it

Unmyelinated vs myelinated speed= ~1 m/s : up to 100 m/s

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13
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

the points from which signals jump as they travel down the myelin on axon - saltatory conduction

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14
Q

Glial Cells

A

specialized cells in the nervious system that support the integrity of neurons

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15
Q

the three main types of glial cells

A

Oligodendrocytes (biggest)
schwann cells
Astrocytes (start-like shape)

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16
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

creates myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS and incraeses speed of info travelling down the axon

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17
Q

Schwann Cells

A

creates myelin sheaths around axons in the PNS and incraeses speed of info travelling down the axon

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18
Q

Astrocytes (start-like shape)

A
  • helps repair neurons
  • helps bring nutreinys from the bloo to neruons (blood-brain barrier)
  • provides structeral support for neurons
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19
Q

Excitatory signals

A

signals make the cell more likely to fire: -55mV or >

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20
Q

Inhibitory signals

A

signals make the cell less likely to fire: < -55mV

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21
Q

summation

A

process done by the Axon Hillock - The sum of all incoming signals
(excitatory and inhibitory) determines whether the neuron fires

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22
Q

These two ions are crucial to sending signal down an axon

A

Potassium - K+
Sodium - Na+

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23
Q

Ion

A

Molecular clusters with an electrical charge

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24
Q

Ion Channels

A

Doors in the Membrane for the moevemnt of Potassium K+ down the concentration gradient

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25
Q

how do ions move through the channels in the membrain?

A

Concentration Gradients & Electrical Gradients

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26
Q

When is resting membrane potential achieved?

A

when both forces are equally strong

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27
Q

Action Potential

A

a change in the voltage inside a cell (relative to outside of the cell) taking place at one section of the cell at a time (not the whole cell at once)

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28
Q

what are Voltage Gated
Sodium Channel? (VGNaChannel)

A

allows Sodium Na+ to enter the cell for initiation and propagation of action potentials

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29
Q

charge of cell at resting potential

A

-70mV

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30
Q

range of charge of cell at depolarization

A

-55mV to 30mV

31
Q

when do VGNaChannel activate

A

when they detect a chage of -55mV or > they will open creating a chain reation of action potentail down the axon

32
Q

Na+/K+ Pump

A
  1. Throws 3 Na+ out of the cell
  2. Brings in 2 K+ into the cell
  3. Requires energy (NOT passive diffusion!)
33
Q

1 - state of the neuron at: Resting potential

A
  • charge is at -70mV making cells overall charge negative
  • K+ VGC closed
  • Na+ VGC closed
34
Q

2 - state of neuron when: stimulus hits threshold

A
  • charge is at -55mV or > leading to an
  • Na+ VGC partly open
  • K+ VGC closed
35
Q

3 - state of neuron at: Depolerization

A
  • The membrane potential rapidly rises and may even become positive, reaching around +30 to +40 mV.
  • inside of cell is now positivly charge
  • Na+ VGC fully open
  • K+ VGC closed
36
Q

4 - state if neuron in: Repolerisation

A
  • Na+ VGC fully closed
  • K+ VGC open
  • cell beigns to become negitivly chgarde again as K+ leaves
37
Q

5 - state of neuron in: Refractory period

A
  • Na+ VGC fully closed
  • K+ VGC open
  • all K+ has left the cell and chrage of cell drops below resting stae becoming too negitivly charge
38
Q

6 - state of neuron at: return to resting state

A
  • Na+/K+ Pumps activate
  • Na+ is taken out
  • K+ is drawn in
  • charge of cell returns to -70mV
39
Q

how is Neuronal Communication done?

A

through Electrochemical processes

40
Q

within neuron communication

A

electrical communctaion

41
Q

Synapse - between neuron communciation

A

chemical communcation

42
Q

the 3 types of Synapses

A
  • synapses with other neurons
  • neuromuscular Junctions
  • neuroglandular Synapses
43
Q

Presynaptic neurons

A

the cell sending a signal

44
Q

Postsynaptic neuron

A

the cell receiving a signal

45
Q

Axondendritic synapse

A

an axon termanal that connects directly to another neurons dentrites

46
Q

Axosomatic synapse

A

an axon termanal that connects directly to another neurons cell body

47
Q

Axoaxonic synapse

A

an axon termanal that connects directly to another neurons Axon

48
Q

Potassium K+ and Sodium Na+

A

These two ions are crucial to sending signal down an axon

49
Q

Chloride Cl-

A

Essential for understanding how neurons send inhibitory signals.

50
Q

Calcium Ca2+

A

Essential for allowing chemicals in presynaptic cell to exit the cell and enter the synaptic cleft.

51
Q

step 1: chemical synapse

A

action potential is traveling down the Axon to the presynaptic terminal

52
Q

step 2: chemical synapse

A

action potential arrives at the presynaptic terminal

53
Q

step 3: chemical synapse

A

voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open, allowign influx of Ca2+

54
Q

step 4: chemical synapse

A

ca2+ allows venricals to merge with the membrane and neurotrasnmitters releases out the other side

55
Q

step 5: chemical synapse

A

Neurotrasnmitter binds to receptors, causing channels to open (or close)

56
Q

step 6: chemical synapse

A

Excitatory (or inhibitory) postynaptic potential is genenerated

57
Q

step 7: chemical synapse

A

Neurotransmitter is removed by glial uptake (or enzymatic degradation)

58
Q

Reuptake

A

The pre-synaptic cell membrane has neurotransmitter- specific “transporter” proteins that transport neurotransmitters back into the presynaptic cell

59
Q

GABA

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid

60
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses from one neuron to another neuron (or to a muscle cell or gland cell).

61
Q

There are different categories of neurotransmitters

A
  • Amino Acids (Glutamate, GABA)
  • Monoamines (Dopamine, Serotonin, Histamine)
  • Peptides (Endorphins, Oxytocin)
62
Q

where are neurotrasnmitters made?

A

they are synthesized inside the cell body or axon terminal of a neuron

63
Q

Neurotransmitter: Dopamine

A
  • Plays diverse roles in the nervous system:
  • Involved in thoughts, feelings, motivations, behaviours
  • Associated with the experience of pleasure
  • Learning to associate particular behaviours with reward (“reward pathway”)
  • Attention, mood regulation, emotional responses
  • Coordinating movement (Parkinson’s Disease = progressive loss of dopamine-producing neurons).

Can be excitatory or inhibitory (depends on the receptors)

64
Q

Neurotransmitter: Serotonin

A
  • Involved in regulation of mood, sleep, eating, arousal, and pain.
  • Depression associated with reduced serotonin (thus, antidepressants target neurons that produce serotonin)
  • Other ways to increase serotonin levels include sunlight exposure! How?
  • Sunlight exposure stimulates production of Vitamin D in the skin.
  • Vitamin D is involved in Serotonin synthesis
65
Q

Agonists Drugs

A

they occupy receptos and fully activate them

66
Q

Antagonists Drugs

A

they occpy receptors but do not activate them
they also block receptors activation by agonists

67
Q

Alcohol’s effects on neurons

A
  • Alcohol acts as an agonist (for GABA) and an antagonist (for Glutamate)
  • Binds to specific part of GABA receptors to make them even more inhibitory
  • Also binds to Glutamate receptors preventing the glutamate from exciting the
    cell
68
Q

how do Antidepressants work?

A

by blocking the Serotinin reuptake transporters from taking seritonin from the synaptic cleft at then end of each synapse making firign more likly to occur next time

69
Q

Cocaine’s effects on neurons

A
  • Cocaine prevents the reuptake of dopamine.
  • It blocks the dopamine transporter on the presynaptic neuron, stopping dopamine from being recycled.
  • This causes dopamine to build up in the synapse, leading to prolonged activation of dopamine receptors.
  • Cocaine also stops the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine.
  • Combined, these effects alter mood, arousal, cognitive function, and movement (causing fidgetiness and restlessness).
70
Q

Synaptic Plasticity

A
  • While action potentials follow an “all-or-nothing” rule, synapses can change in strength, becoming stronger or weaker over time based on their usage.
  • Frequent activation of a synapse increases its strength, known as Long-Term Potentiation (LTP).
  • Glutamate is crucial for synaptic plasticity, which is essential for learning and memory.
  • However, too much glutamate activity can damage or kill neurons, a process called excitotoxicity, which is involved in diseases like Alzheimer’s and ALS.
71
Q

Action Potentials are initiated by?

A

voltage gated Na+ channels

72
Q

what are the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system?

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

73
Q

Marjorie has recently had a stroke. While it appears that she understands language, she ability to speak has been impacted. Which of the following is most likely to be true for Marjorie?

A

Broca’s aphasia

Psyc122 Test Material (12 decks)

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