W20-L1: Face, Scalp and Parotid

Question 1

What are the margins of the scalp?

Answer 1

Extends anteriorly to the supra-orbital margins, posteriorly to the external occipital protuberance, and laterally to the zygomatic arches

Question 2

What are the layers of the scalp?

Answer 2

Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurotic layer
Loose connective tissue
Peri-cranium

Question 3

Which layer of the scalp allows for movement of scalp over the skull?

Answer 3

The loose connective tissue layer

Question 4

Describe the occipitalitis frontalis muscle

Answer 4

Has two bellies and an aponeurosis between

Question 5

Why do scalp wounds bleed more?

Answer 5

1. Scalp wounds gape as each muscle belly of frontalis occipitalis contracts
2. There are rich anastomoses between internal and external carotid
3. Arteries are attached to fibrous septae and this prevents clotting

Question 6

In which layer of the scalp is the neurovascular structures?

Answer 6

Connective tissue

Question 7

What are the layers of the face?

Answer 7

4 similar layers to scalp, but no loose connective tissue and aponeurosis is replaced by facial muscles

Question 8

Origin and insertions of facial muscles

Answer 8

Origins is the bones over which they lie, and insert into the skin of the face

Question 9

To what structure are facial muscles related to and what do they act as?

Answer 9

Related to an orifice, and can act as sphincters or dilators

Question 10

From which pharyngeal arch are they derived?

Answer 10

2nd

Question 11

Which cranial nerve supplies the muscles of the face?

Answer 11

CN VII

Question 12

Dermatomes of head and neck

Answer 12

Anterior of scalp (to ears) gets V1, posterior is dorsal rami of C2 , then maxillary area is V2, mandibular is V3 and posterior neck is C3

Question 13

What are the two internal carotid derived branches suppling the face?

Answer 13

Supra-orbital and supra-trochlear (more medial)

Question 14

What supplies the face from the external carotid artery?

Answer 14

Facial artery, which winds around the inferior angle of the mandible then a tortuous course to the medial angle of the eye, gives off branches as it goes

Question 15

What supplies the lateral aspect of the scalp?

Answer 15

Superficial temporal artery

Question 16

Suppling the posterior scalp are which arteries?

Answer 16

Occipital artery and posterior auricular artery, both branches of the external carotid

Question 17

What is the difference between the facial artery and vein

Answer 17

Vein is straighter and more superficial

Question 18

Why is Thrombophlebitis of the facial vein possible and why is it important?

Answer 18

Emissary veins of the face can drain into the cavernous sinus, can cause meningitis and encephalitis

Question 19

Where are lymph nodes in the head?

Answer 19

Ring of lymph nodes that surround the base of the skull, submental, sub-mandibular, pre-auricular, parotid, mastoid and occipital nodes

Question 20

Where do lymph nodes in the head drain to?

Answer 20

Deep cervical nodes

Question 21

What is the parotid gland?

Answer 21

serous salivary gland wrapped in fascia

Question 22

Anatomical landmarks of the parotid gland

Answer 22

It is below the zygomatic arch, in front of the mastoid process, above angle of mandible

Question 23

If you removed the parotid gland would you see?

Answer 23

styloid process

Question 24

Where does the parotid Duct run?

Answer 24

parotid duct from anterior border of parotid onto massater, turns inwards pierces buccinater

Question 25

within parotid

gland from superficial to deep it is…

Answer 25

CN VII

Retromandibular vein External carotid artery

Question 26

Scattered throughout the parotid glands are

Answer 26

Lymph nodes

Question 27

Where does the Facial nerve exit the skull?

Answer 27

Exits the posterior cranial fossa by internal acoustic meatus and exit by the styloid mastoid foramen

Question 28

Course of the Facial nerve outside the skull

Answer 28

Gives off posterior auricular nerve which goes to occipitalis, enters posteromedial surface of parotid gland and then forms a plexiform arrangement within

Question 29

What are the 5 terminal branches of the plexiform arrangment of CN VII

Answer 29

Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical
"To zanzibar by motor car"

Question 30

What does the facial nerve supply?

Answer 30

Muscles of facial expression

Question 31

Where is the retromandibular vein and what is it formed by?

Answer 31

In the parotid gland and formed by the superficial temporal veins and maxillary veins

Question 32

What are the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery?

Answer 32

Enters the parotid gland and then gives off maxillary artery and superficial temporal artery

Question 33

What is Facial nerve paralysis called?

Answer 33

Bell’s Palsy