Volk

Question 1

The nucleus is encased by a two-unit membrane called the ______.

Answer 1

Nuclear Envelope (NE)

Question 2

The outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is continuous with the ______ system.

Answer 2

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 3

The outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is studded with ______, giving it a “rough” appearance.

Answer 3

ribosomes

Question 4

The inner membrane of the nuclear envelope associates with ______.

Answer 4

heterochromatin

Question 5

______ are discontinuities in the nuclear envelope that allow for communication between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Answer 5

Nuclear pores

Question 6

The ______ is a filamentous meshwork immediately underlying the nuclear envelope.

Answer 6

nuclear lamina

Question 7

The nuclear lamina is composed of proteins called ______.

Answer 7

lamins

Question 8

There are approximately ______ nuclear pores per cell.

Answer 8

3000-4000

Question 9

Nuclear pores have a ______ structure with ______ symmetry.

Answer 9

donut-shaped (also acceptable: basket-shaped); octagonal symmetry

Question 10

The central channel of a nuclear pore is ______ in diameter.

Answer 10

9 nm

Question 11

______ contains the genomic DNA in chromosomes.

Answer 11

Chromatin

Question 12

The nucleolus is a specialized location for the ______ gene component of chromosomes.

Answer 12

rDNA

Question 13

The nucleolus is visible by both ______ and ______ microscopy.

Answer 13

light and electron

Question 14

The nucleolus is the site of ______ and ______.

Answer 14

rRNA synthesis, ribosome assembly

Question 15

______ are distinct regions within the nucleus where transcription occurs.

Answer 15

Transcription factories

Question 16

______ chromatin associates with interior transcription factories.

Answer 16

Active

Question 17

______ chromatin is peripherally located at the nuclear envelope.

Answer 17

Heterochromatin

Question 18

Small molecules, such as proteins less than ______, can pass through nuclear pores by ______.

Answer 18

50 kDa, free diffusion

Question 19

Larger molecules are actively transported through nuclear pores via interaction with ______.

Answer 19

FG nucleoporins

Question 20

The nuclear pore complex is composed of ______ proteins.

Answer 20

500-1000

Question 21

Proteins that function in the nucleus are mostly synthesized in the ______.

Answer 21

cytoplasm

Question 22

The ______ is a sequence of amino acids that directs proteins into the nucleus.

Answer 22

nuclear localization sequence (NLS)

Question 23

A common NLS is ______.

Answer 23

-Lys-Lys-Lys-Arg-Lys-

Question 24

The NLS is both ______ and ______ for nuclear import.

Answer 24

necessary, sufficient

Question 25

______ is the process by which proteins and RNA are transported out of the nucleus.

Answer 25

Nuclear export

Question 26

The ______ is a leucine-rich sequence that facilitates nuclear export.

Answer 26

nuclear export sequence (NES)

Question 27

A consensus NES is ______, where X is any amino acid.

Answer 27

Leu-X1-2-Leu-X2-3-Leu-X-Leu

Question 28

______ and ______ are chaperone proteins that bind to the NLS or NES.

Answer 28

Importins, exportins

Question 29

______ is a G protein that regulates nuclear import and export.

Answer 29

Ran

Question 30

The GTP-bound form of Ran is found in the ______.

Answer 30

cytoplasm

Question 31

The GDP-bound form of Ran is found in the ______.

Answer 31

nucleus

Question 32

Ran-GAPs are located in the _______.

Answer 32

cytoplasm

Question 33

Ran-GEFs are ______-bound.

Answer 33

chromatin

Question 34

mRNP (mRNA-containing complexes) export is typically a Ran-________ process.

Answer 34

independent

Question 35

Laminopathies are diseases associated with mutations in ________.

Answer 35

lamin A

Question 36

Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is caused by a mutation in _______.

Answer 36

lamin A

Question 37

HGPS is characterized by a _______ ________ phenotype.

Answer 37

premature aging

Question 38

Defective nuclear pore function can lead to protein _______, nuclear accumulation of _______ mRNA, and DNA ________.

Answer 38

aggregation, poly-A, damage

Question 39

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) are neurodegenerative diseases linked to ______ mutations.

Answer 39

nuclear pore

Question 40

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) is a technique used to visualize _________.

Answer 40

specific DNA sequences

Question 41

_________ can be used to visualize proteins in the nucleus.

Answer 41

Immunofluorescence

Question 42

_________ is used to determine where on the DNA a particular factor binds.

Answer 42

Chromatin Immuno-Precipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq)

Question 43

_______ and ______ are variations on ChIP-seq or other NGS techniques used to study the nucleus.

Answer 43

ATACseq, HiCseq