Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MolCell Unit 2 > Menon 4 > Flashcards

Menon 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The ability of a stem cell to differentiate into a variety of cell types is called ________________.

A

pluripotency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

________________ are undifferentiated cells that can divide repeatedly while maintaining their undifferentiated state.

A

Stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name the three germ layers that pluripotent stem cells originate from: ________________, ________________, and ________________.

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A ________________ stem cell can generate every cell type, including extraembryonic tissues.

A

totipotent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A ________________ stem cell can only generate one cell type.

A

unipotent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The first successful isolations of ES cells were done using what two animals?

A

Mice and humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

________________ stem cells are generated by reprogramming differentiated cells.

A

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In what year did Campbell et al. clone a sheep by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line?

A

1996

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Gurdon demonstrated that adult frogs could be derived from the nuclei of single somatic cells in what year?

A

1962

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Human embryonic stem cells were derived by Tachibana M, et al. in 2013 using ________________.

A

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the original cell in the gonad that gives rise to the germline called?

A

Primordial germ cell (PGC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of stem cell is a zygote?

A

Totipotent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mouse ES cells were first isolated in ________________.

A

1981

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What process is used to “reverse” a differentiated somatic cell into its pluripotent state?

A

Reprogramming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

________________ cell nuclear transfer is one method of reprogramming.

A

Somatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

________________ pluripotent stem cells are generated by reprogramming differentiated cells.

A

Induced

17
Q

Gurdon used ________________ to demonstrate that adult organisms could be derived from the nuclei of single somatic cells.

A

frogs

18
Q

According to the Weissman model, ________________ cells give rise to sperm and egg cells.

A

primordial germ

19
Q

Besides embryonic stem cells, name one other type of stem cell: ________________

A

Possible answers include: Somatic, iPS cells, multipotent, or unipotent

20
Q

What term describes the ability of a stem cell to generate cells from all three embryonic germ layers?

A

Pluripotency

21
Q

________________ stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of pre-implantation embryos.

A

Embryonic

22
Q

What does PGC stand for?

A

Primordial germ cells

23
Q

Name three examples of somatic cells: ________________, ________________, and ________________.

A

Possible answers include: neurons, myocytes, and epithelia

24
Q

The ________________ barrier states that the germline is separate from the soma.

A

Weissman

25
Q

________________ and ________________ were the first to isolate pluripotent cells from mouse embryos.

A

Evans MJ and Kaufman MH

26
Q

Takahashi and Yamanaka published their groundbreaking paper on iPS cells in ________________.

A

2006

27
Q

Describe the developmental pathway from a zygote to a somatic cell, including intermediate stages and the concept of “stemness”.

A

A zygote, a totipotent cell, progresses through cell divisions to form a morula and then a blastocyst. The blastocyst contains the inner cell mass, which harbors pluripotent stem cells capable of generating the three germ layers. Further differentiation leads to multipotent stem cells and eventually somatic cells with specialized functions. “Stemness” refers to the decreasing potential of a cell to differentiate into various cell types as it progresses down this developmental pathway.

28
Q

Explain the significance of the Weissman barrier and how it relates to the discovery of iPSCs.

A

The Weissman barrier proposed a separation between the germline, producing gametes (sperm and egg), and the soma (body cells). It implied that somatic cells couldn’t contribute to the germline or revert to a totipotent state. However, iPSCs challenged this barrier, being generated by reprogramming somatic cells to a pluripotent state. This showed that somatic cells could be reversed to an earlier developmental stage with broader potential.

29
Q

Provide one application of stem cell technology for regenerative medicine:

A

Example: repairing nerve damage

30
Q

What is the name of the model that describes the cellular composition of animals and includes concepts like the primordial germ cell and the germline?

A

Weissman model

31
Q

True or False: PGC are diploid.

A

True (orally on 10/9)

32
Q

Rank the types of stem cells in terms of how many types of cells they can give rise to from greatest to least.

A

Totipotent > pluripotent > multipotent > unipotent

33
Q

When cells are irradiated (like fibroblasts in old ESC experiments), what stage of the cell cycle are they in?

A

G0 (orally on 10/9)

34
Q

Dolly the sheep is an example of breaking the _________.

A

Weissman barrier

35
Q

How many transcription factors are needed to break the Weissman’s barrier?

A

4

MolCell Unit 2 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions