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MolCell Unit 2 > Menon 2 > Flashcards

Menon 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Gene-environment interaction is defined as a different effect of an environmental factor in people with different ___________.

A

genotypes

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2
Q

___________ is an example of an environmental influence that can have different effects on individuals with different genotypes.

A

smoking

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3
Q

___________ is the study of heritable, reversible changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence.

A

Epigenetics

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4
Q

___________ is a molecular mechanism that can couple the environment to genes.

A

DNA methylation

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5
Q

___________ of cytosine is a chemical modification of nucleotides that plays a role in epigenetics.

A

Methylation

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6
Q

List three roles of DNA methylation.

A

Transcriptional silencing

Protecting the genome from transposition

Genomic imprinting

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7
Q

___________ involves the addition of an acetyl group to a histone protein, which is associated with gene activation.

A

Histone acetylation

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8
Q

___________ acetylate histones, leading to chromatin opening and enabling transcription.

A

Histone acetylases (HATs)

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9
Q

Epigenetics provides a form of ___________ control of genes that is independent of DNA sequence.

A

transcriptional

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10
Q

True or False: The effects of epigenetics are heritable but reversible.

A

True

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11
Q

Epigenetics connects ___________ with adult disease.

A

nutrition

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12
Q

A famous example of a cohort study is _________.

A

the Boston nurse study

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13
Q

___________, the most common type of genetic variation among people, represents a difference in a single DNA building block, called a nucleotide.

A

SNP (Single nucleotide polymorphism)

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14
Q

What was the Boston nurse study?

A

A study where nurses were followed for 40+ years and tracked in order to learn about their health (development of diseases like chronic high blood pressure).

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14
Q

A ___________ is a group of SNPs on the same chromosome that are inherited together from a single parent.

A

haplotype

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15
Q

A ___________ SNP is a representative single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that represents a group of SNPs (haplotype).

A

Tagging

16
Q

Give an example of a gene-environment interaction.

A

Individuals with different nicotine metabolism genotypes may have different susceptibilities to lung cancer when exposed to smoking.

17
Q

___________ interaction occurs when an environmental exposure results in a larger effect in individuals with certain genotypes compared to others.

A

Synergistic

18
Q

___________ interaction occurs when an environmental exposure results in a smaller effect in individuals with certain genotypes compared to others.

A

Antagonistic

19
Q

Conrad Waddington’s 1945 experiments with ___________ demonstrated that phenotype can be significantly influenced by the environment.

A

Drosophila

20
Q

___________ alleles in Drosophila wing and wing-vein development were influenced by temperature in Waddington’s experiments.

A

Temperature-sensitive

21
Q

In Waddington’s experiment, incubating larvae from the same genetic strain of fruit fly at different temperatures resulted in different _______ phenotypes.

A

wing

22
Q

Waddington’s experiment concluded that two different environments can act differently on the same ___________, causing different phenotypes!

A

gene

23
Q

Waddington’s experiment on ___________ demonstrated that the effect of temperature on wing size is not permanent and can be reversed in subsequent generations.

A

transgenerational regression

24
Q

Supplementation of maternal diet with ___________ can have an effect on coat color, illustrating the influence of environment on phenotype.

A

folate (vitamin B9)

25
Q

Adverse environment in _______ is increasingly recognized as an important component in obesity and Type-2 diabetes.

A

utero

26
Q

What makes one cell type different from another cell type, given that they have the same DNA?

A

While all cells in an organism have the same DNA, they can express different sets of genes, leading to different cell types. This differential gene expression is influenced by epigenetic modifications and other regulatory mechanisms.

26
Q

True or False: The effects of the environment can depend on genetics, and the effects of genetics can depend on the environment.

A

True

27
Q

___________ provides insights into how environmental factors can lead to changes in gene expression and contribute to complex diseases.

A

Epigenetics

28
Q

What is a case study?

A

A case study is a short-term (ish) study that compares an experimental group to a control group.

29
Q

What did Conrad Waddington call his model?

A

The pluripotent stem cell

30
Q

In a cohort study, the risk of an outcome is calculated by dividing the number of individuals in a group who have the outcome by the total number of individuals in that group. Mathematically, this is represented as ___________ divided by ___________.

A

a/(a+c)

31
Q

In a cohort study, the relative risk is calculated by ___________.

A

[Risk in exposed group] / [Risk in unexposed group] OR (a/(a+c)) / (b/(b+d))

32
Q

The odds ratio is a measure of association used in ___________ studies.

A

case-control

33
Q

In a case-control study, the odds ratio is calculated as ___________.

A

ad/bc

34
Q

The odds ratio compares the ___________ of exposure to a certain factor among individuals with a specific outcome (cases) to the ___________ of exposure to the same factor among individuals without that outcome (controls).

A

odds; odds

35
Q

Diseases with what shaped curve are best treated with environmental and lifestyle changes?

A

Those with a bell-curve distribution (mentioned orally on 10/8)

36
Q

Diseases with what shaped curve are best treated with pharmacological intervention?

A

Those with a sharp curve/distribution (mentioned orally on 10/8)

MolCell Unit 2 (13 decks)

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