Fan

Question 1

RNA interference (RNAi) is a phenomenon in which the introduction of _______ into a cell causes degradation of the complementary mRNA.

Answer 1

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)

Question 2

Long dsRNAs are cleaved into short 21-25 nucleotide small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) by a ribonuclease known as _______.

Answer 2

Dicer-2

Question 3

The siRNAs assemble with protein components into an _______, unwinding in the process.

Answer 3

RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)

Question 4

Activated RISC then binds to complementary transcript by _______ interactions between the siRNA strand and the mRNA.

Answer 4

base pairing

Question 5

A serious problem for developing RNAi techniques for human cells is that the cell response to dsRNA triggers a _______ involving the release of interferon.

Answer 5

cellular immune response

Question 6

In 2001 it was discovered that RNAi could be achieved in mammalian cells without activating the interferon response by using shorter pieces of RNA known as _______.

Answer 6

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)

Question 7

An effective siRNA should have _______ at the 5’-end of the antisense strand.

Answer 7

A or U

Question 8

An effective siRNA should have _______ at the 5’-end of the sense strand.

Answer 8

G or C

Question 9

An effective siRNA should have more than 4 _______ nucleotides in the seed sequence (2nd-9th nt of antisense from 5’).

Answer 9

A or U

Question 10

An effective siRNA should have _______ or _______ at the cleavage site (9-10).

Answer 10

A or U

Question 11

An effective siRNA should have unilateral 2-nt _______.

Answer 11

3’-overhangs

Question 12

In the past, people thought non-coding RNAs were _______.

Answer 12

junk (orally 10/10)

Question 13

_______ (short hairpin RNA) can be used for long-term expressing double-stranded siRNA.

Answer 13

shRNA

Question 14

The GFP-transgenic C. elegans experiment showed _________ of genes.

Answer 14

specific silencing

Question 15

dsRNA is more _______ than single-strand RNA at silencing genes.

Answer 15

effective

Question 16

Long dsRNA are chopped by __________, a ribonuclease.

Answer 16

Dicer-2

Question 17

The spacer in shRNA is _______.

Answer 17

TCAAGAG

Question 18

When dsRNA activates PKR and/OAS, it can cause ___________.

Answer 18

translational inhibition

Question 19

siRNA may be delivered to cells for research into _______.

Answer 19

Determining gene/protein function

Question 20

siRNA may be delivered to cells for research into _______.

Answer 20

partial knockdowns

Question 21

siRNA may be delivered to cells for clinical research into diseases such as _______.

Answer 21

Cancer; hypercholesterolemia; infections; developmental defects; neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases)

Question 22

Besides RNAi, other examples of regulatory ncRNAs include _______.

Answer 22

eRNA, lncRNA

Question 23

True or False: to do siRNA-mediated gene silencing, the siRNA is single-stranded.

Answer 23

False

Question 24

For long-term expression where a gene is silenced, ________ are used.

Answer 24

shRNAs

Question 25

The loop portion of a shRNA hairpin loop is _______ in nucleotide sequence.

Answer 25

TCAAGAG

Question 26

The shRNA is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm by _______.

Answer 26

exportin 5 (Exp5)

Question 27

To target a specific type of cell with siRNA, there needs to be ___________.

Answer 27

conjugation

Question 28

A microRNA (miRNA) is a small non-coding RNA molecule containing about _______ nucleotides.

Answer 28

21-25

Question 29

The first microRNA, _______, was discovered in 1993.

Answer 29

lin-4

Question 30

More than 97% of human genome is ______.

Answer 30

non-coding

Question 31

Small non-coding RNAs are also known as _______.

Answer 31

microRNAs

Question 32

The second microRNA, _______, was discovered in 2000.

Answer 32

Let-7

Question 33

Lin-4 was discovered in the organism _________.

Answer 33

C. elegans

Question 34

miRNA genes can be located _______.

Answer 34

In introns of protein-coding genes, exons of protein-coding genes, or in intergenic regions

Question 35

The _______ strand of a miRNA is incorporated into the miRISC complex and guides it to the target mRNA.

Answer 35

guide

Question 36

The _______ strand of a miRNA is degraded.

Answer 36

passenger

Question 37

The expression levels of a miRNA in cells or tissues can be determined by _______.

Answer 37

Deep sequencing, miRNA seq., next generation RNA seq

Question 38

A miRNA recognizes its target mRNA 3’-UTR via the _______ rule.

Answer 38

Seed-Match

Question 39

miRNA target validation can be done using a _______ assay.

Answer 39

reporter

Question 40

miRNA levels can be reduced using _______.

Answer 40

AntagomiR

Question 41

Long ncRNA is defined as transcripts that are longer than _______ nucleotides.

Answer 41

200

Question 42

There are ___ classes of lncRNAs.

Answer 42

5

Question 43

The five classes of lncRNAs are: sense, _______, bidirectional, intronic, and intergenic.

Answer 43

antisense

Question 44

In the cytosol, some lncRNAs can act at the post-transcriptional level as _______ for miRNAs, therefore inhibiting the actions of miRNAs on mRNAs.

Answer 44

sponges

Question 45

lncRNAs are without evidence of _________-coding capacity.

Answer 45

protein

Question 46

True or False: circRNA is single-stranded.

Answer 46

True

Question 47

_______ are highly abundant in cells and found in all kingdoms of life.

Answer 47

circRNAs

Question 48

A circRNA is generated by covalently linking the _______ and _______ ends of RNA together to form a single-stranded continuous loop structure.

Answer 48

3’ and 5’

Question 49

In the cytoplasm, circRNAs can act as a _______ for miRNAs, thereby preventing the miRNAs from binding to their target mRNAs.

Answer 49

sponge

Question 50

The vast majority of circRNAs, particularly ecircRNAs, dominantly accumulate in _______, and EIciRNAs and ciRNAs are dominantly localized in the nucleus.

Answer 50

cytoplasm