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MolCell Unit 2 > Vest 1 > Flashcards

Vest 1 Flashcards

Flashcards for Vest Lecture 1

1
Q

The process of removing intron sequences from pre-mRNA and joining exon sequences is called __________.

A

Splicing

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2
Q

The __________ structure is added to the 5’ end of a pre-mRNA during transcription to protect it from degradation.

A

7-methyl G cap

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3
Q

The __________ at the 3’ end of a mRNA molecule facilitates translation.

A

poly(A) tail

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4
Q

__________ are a class of non-coding sequences that are removed from pre-mRNA during splicing.

A

Introns

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5
Q

The __________ is a large ribonucleoprotein complex that catalyzes the splicing of pre-mRNA.

A

Spliceosome

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6
Q

__________ are a family of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles that are essential components of the spliceosome.

A

snRNPs

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7
Q

The __________ is a sequence element, typically AAUAAA, found near the 3’ end of pre-mRNA that signals where the poly(A) tail should be added.

A

Polyadenylation signal (PAS)

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8
Q

__________ is a type of alternative RNA processing that allows a single gene to code for multiple protein isoforms by including or excluding different exons in the mature mRNA.

A

Alternative splicing

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9
Q

__________ RNA splicing occurs without the need for any protein enzymes.

A

Self-splicing

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10
Q

List three functions of the 5’ cap:

A
  • Protects pre-mRNA and mRNA from degradation by 5’ exonucleases
  • Enhances splicing of the 5’ most exon
  • Necessary for targeting mRNAs for export to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pores
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11
Q

__________ RNA methylation is a common internal modification to RNA that can influence stability, splicing, and translation of RNA.

A

N6-methyladenosine (m6A)

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12
Q

__________ are a newly discovered class of non-coding RNAs that form covalently closed loop structures and have been implicated in a variety of cellular processes.

A

Circular RNAs (circRNAs)

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13
Q

Three primary functions of circRNAs are:

A
  • miRNA sponges – regulate translation and expression
  • Protein sponges – regulate transcription and alternative splicing
  • Encode novel proteins using alternative translation initiation mechanisms – IRES and m6A residues
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14
Q

The __________ of the RNA polymerase II plays a crucial role in coordinating the different steps of pre-mRNA processing, including capping, splicing, and polyadenylation.

A

carboxy-terminal domain (CTD)

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15
Q

The phosphorylation state of __________ on the CTD of RNA polymerase II is associated with the recruitment of capping enzymes.

A

Serine 5

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16
Q

The presence of both __________ and __________ on the CTD of RNA polymerase II is associated with the recruitment of splicing proteins.

A

Phospho-Ser 5, Ser 2

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17
Q

__________ of the CTD of RNA polymerase II leads to the recruitment of cleavage and polyadenylation factors.

A

Phosphorylation of Serine 2

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18
Q

__________ is the process of adding a poly(A) tail to the 3’ end of an RNA molecule.

A

Polyadenylation

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19
Q

The 5’ splice site is typically characterized by the consensus sequence __________.

A

GU A/G AGU

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20
Q

The 3’ splice site is typically characterized by the consensus sequence __________.

A

CAGG

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21
Q

The __________ is an adenine nucleotide located 18-40 nucleotides upstream of the 3’ splice site that plays a crucial role in the splicing reaction.

A

Branch point

22
Q

The __________ is a pyrimidine-rich sequence located upstream of the 3’ splice site.

A

Polypyrimidine tract

23
Q

The __________ binds to the 5’ splice site of pre-mRNA.

A

U1 snRNP

24
Q

The __________ binds to the branch point of the pre-mRNA.

A

U2 snRNP

25
Q

The __________ plays a crucial role in holding the 5’ and 3’ exons in close proximity during splicing.

A

U5 snRNP

26
Q

__________ and __________ interact near the branch point during the splicing reaction.

A

U4-U6 snRNPs

27
Q

The __________ binds to the polypyrimidine tract and helps recruit the U2 snRNP to the branch point.

A

U2AF (U2 associated factor)

28
Q

In addition to the five main snRNPs, there are over __________ other proteins that can contribute to the spliceosome.

A

24

29
Q

The 5’ end of the intron base pairs with the __________ during splicing.

A

U6 snRNP

30
Q

The __________ binds to the AG dinucleotide at the 3’ splice site.

A

U2AF-35

31
Q

__________ refers to the skipping of an exon during the splicing process, leading to its exclusion from the mature mRNA.

A

Exon skipping

32
Q

__________ splicing refers to the process where exons are included in the mature mRNA in the order in which they appear in the gene.

A

Default sequential

33
Q

Alternative splicing can occur if something disrupts __________.

A

default sequential splicing

34
Q

The protein __________ can act as a major deciding factor that influences alternative splicing.

A

RBM25

35
Q

__________ elements within RNA are recognized by activator proteins, which commonly belong to the SR (serine-arginine rich) family of proteins.

A

Enhancer

36
Q

__________ elements within RNA are bound by repressor proteins, often part of the hnRNP (heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein) protein family.

A

Silencer

37
Q

__________ enhance the binding of the spliceosome to regulated splice sites.

A

Activators

38
Q

__________ inhibit the binding or function of spliceosomal components.

A

Repressors

39
Q

__________ are sequences within exons that promote splicing.

A

ESEs (exonic splicing enhancers)

40
Q

__________ are sequences within introns that inhibit splicing.

A

ISSs (intronic splicing silencers)

41
Q

__________ are sequences within introns that enhance splicing.

A

ISEs (intronic splicing enhancers)

42
Q

The __________ binds to the AAUAAA sequence of the PAS.

A

Cleavage and Polyadenylation Specificity Factor (CPSF)

43
Q

The __________ binds to the GU-rich or U-rich downstream element of the pre-mRNA.

A

Cleavage Stimulatory Factor (CSTF)

44
Q

__________ adds adenine residues to the 3’ end of the pre-mRNA.

A

Poly-A polymerase (PAP)

45
Q

The __________ binds to the poly(A) tail.

A

Nuclear Poly-A binding protein (PABPN1)

46
Q

The __________ is responsible for cleaving the pre-mRNA downstream of the PAS.

A

Endonuclease activity of CPSF2

47
Q

__________ and __________ are exonucleases that degrade the 5’ end of the cleaved RNA.

A

XRN2, RAT1

48
Q

__________ polyadenylation involves the regular dissociation of PAP, allowing only a few adenine residues to be added at a time.

A

Distributive

49
Q

__________ polyadenylation occurs when PABPN1 binds to short poly(A) sequences, stabilizing the binding of PAP and leading to the addition of adenine residues without PAP dissociation.

A

Processive

50
Q

Approximately __________ of mammalian mRNAs contain more than one PAS.

A

75%

51
Q

What are the four splicing sequences?

A

The four splicing sequences are: 5’ splice site, 3’ splice site, polypyrimidine tract, and branch point.

52
Q
A

MolCell Unit 2 (13 decks)

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