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Petrology > Volcanology Part 2 (Volcanic Products, Volcanic Hazards, Volcanology of the PH) > Flashcards

Volcanology Part 2 (Volcanic Products, Volcanic Hazards, Volcanology of the PH) Flashcards

1
Q

Volcanic Products

A

Lava Flow
Pyroclastic materials
Glass
Pyroclastic density currents (PDCs)

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2
Q

Streams of lava pouring from a fissure or a vent during an eruption which have different forms due to the different composition and environment of deposition.

A

Lava Flow

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3
Q

is a type of lava flow characterized by its rough, jagged surface that have spiky and sharp edges, and are often associated with fluid basaltic flows.

A

‘A’a flow

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4
Q

is a type of lava flow that form relatively smooth surfaces that often resembles twisted ropes and are often products of basaltic flows.

A

Pahoehoe flow

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5
Q

Short, detached, vesicle-free, proximal lava that are often produced by viscous lava, such as andesitic and rhyolitic lava.

A

Block lava

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6
Q

Lava flows that formed as structures composed of numerous smooth, tube-like protuberances, which are good indicators for the surrounding environment as they form underwater.

A

Pillow lava

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7
Q

Volcanic material of varying sizes produced from volcanic eruptions

A

Pyroclastic Materials

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8
Q

Pyroclastic material ejected into the atmosphere

A

Tephra

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9
Q

Solid ejecta with sizes greater than 64 mm.

A

Block

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10
Q

Pyroclastic material ejected into the atmosphere

A

Bomb

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11
Q

A fractured surface texture formed when bombs cool.

A

Breadcrust texture

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12
Q

Rock fragments with grain sizes ranging from 2-64 mm formed from droplets of lava.

A

Lapilli

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13
Q

Tephra that is usually glass, having grain sizes lesser than 2 mm.

A

Ash

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14
Q

Lapilli-sized pyroclastic deposits that are good indicators for environment during deposition as they formed due to saturation from water.

A

Accretionary Lapilli

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15
Q

Naturally occurring solids that lacks an orderly crystalline structure, which formed due to quenching or rapid cooling of lava.

A

Glass

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16
Q

Black, glassy, streamlined particles that formed as lava droplets that quenched in flight.

A

Pele’s tears

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17
Q

Golden, acicular, glassy strands that formed as lava droplets were propelled through the air, being partially stretched into shape.

A

Pele’s hair

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18
Q

Generally hot flows made up of a mixture of pyroclastic materials and hot gases that can travel at rapid speeds.

A

Pyroclastic Density Currents (PDCs)

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19
Q

A blanket of pyroclastic material and tephra that fall to the ground due to gravity, which is identified to have a good sorting of angular juvenile clasts.

A

Pyroclastic Fall

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20
Q

A dense, “ground- hugging” flow of pyroclastic materials that moves at speeds up to 150 km/h that can reach over to a 1000 °C and develop poorly sorted beds with rounded clasts that can produce block-and-ash flows.

A

Pyroclastic Flow

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21
Q

A more dilute and mobile current which have low concentrations of particles mixed with gases that can travel up hills and valleys at high velocity and horizontally from the eruption site.

A

Pyroclastic Surge

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22
Q

Siliceous, low to moderate density, hot vesiculated flows.

A

Pumice flows

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23
Q

Andesitic to basaltic, hot vesiculated flows

A

Scoria flows

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24
Q

Compacted or “welded” pumice and tuff.

A

Ignimbrite

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25
Q

Flattened or compacted pumice in ignimbrites.

A

Fiamme

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26
Q

French for “fiery clouds,” are fluidized mixtures of hot, incandescent rock fragments and gases that flow along the surface as a “glowing avalanche” of pyroclastic debris.

A

Nuées ardentes

27
Q

Thick mudflows, composed of volcanic materials, that can be up to tens of meters thick with the consistency of wet cement.

A

Lahar

28
Q

Lahar directly associated with active volcanic activity.

A

Syn-eruption Lahar

29
Q

Lahar indirectly associated with active volcanic activity and occurs as remobilization of volcanic deposits.

A

Post-eruption Lahar

30
Q

What eruption on June 15, 1991, coincided with Typhoon Yunya which caused voluminous lahar to cover most parts of Zambales.

A

1991 Pinatubo Eruption

31
Q

Mass wasting of large volumes of volcanic materials along volcanic flanks.

A

Debris avalanche

32
Q

Debris avalanche associated with movement of magma beneath volcanic edifice.

A

Bezymianny-type Avalanche

33
Q

Debris avalanche associated with seismicity.

A

Bandai-type Avalanche

34
Q

The famous eruption due to the lateral blast it produced that caused its northern flank to collapse into a debris avalanche and subsequently caused a voluminous lahar.

A

1980 Mt. Saint Helens Eruption

35
Q

Or cognate clasts, are derived directly from magma involved in the volcanic activity

A

Juvenile Clasts

36
Q

Rock inclusions from the vent walls or brought from the surface by lava or pyroclastic walls.

A

Accidental clasts

37
Q

Fragmentation through explosive ejection and aerial dispersal of pyroclasts of rock and magma from a volcanic vent.

A

Pyroclastic process

38
Q

Fragmentation as a result of breaking up the cooler and rigid exterior of the lava as it continuously moves that autoclasts.

A

Autoclastic process

39
Q

Fragmentation brought by the weathering and disintegration of volcanic rocks.

A

Epiclastic process

40
Q

A group of clasts with interstitial fluid that interact and move together.

A

Mass flow transport

41
Q

Clasts within the mass flow behaving independently in moving interstitial fluids.

A

Traction transport

42
Q

Fully suspended clasts in interstitial fluid.

A

Suspension transport

43
Q

Hazards associated with volcanoes and its materials, whether or not the associated volcano is currently erupting.

A

Volcanic Hazards

44
Q

Hazards directly associated with an on-going eruption.

A

Direct Hazard

45
Q

Hazards indirectly associated with an eruption.

A

Indirect Hazard

46
Q

Rivers of lava extruded from the volcano.

A

Lava Flow

47
Q

Pyroclastic materials ejected into the atmosphere that fall due to gravity.

A

Tephra fall

48
Q

A blast directed horizontally which comes from the slopes of the volcano.

A

Lateral Blast

49
Q

Expelled during eruptive phases at huge amounts, high temperatures and extreme speed which can be toxic to life.

A

Volcanic gases

50
Q

A hot mixture of volcanic debris and tephra that is saturated with water that occurs directly related to an ongoing eruption.

A

Syn-eruption lahar

51
Q

Hot flows of a mixture of pyroclastic materials and hot gases. These include Pyroclastic flows, pyroclastic surges, and base surges.

A

Pyroclastic density currents (PDCs)

52
Q

A cold mixture of volcanic debris and tephra that is saturated with water that occurs when old volcanic materials are remobilized.

A

Post-eruption lahar

53
Q

Massive debris avalanches due to blasts from the eruption.

A

Landslides

54
Q

Tsunamis caused by submarine eruptions or massive landslides that mobilize large amounts of water, causing large waves.

A

Volcanic Tsunami

55
Q

Oscillating movement of water within an enclosed or limited body of water.

A

Seiche

56
Q

Fractures and fissures caused by bulges from the ground due to rising magma.

A

Ground deformation

57
Q

Remobilized pre-existing pyroclastic materials.

A

Secondar PDCs

58
Q

Heat and tremors from volcanic eruptions and their materials can cause man- made structures and materials to collapse and cause a cascade of events which can lead to explosions and fire.

A

Secondary explosions and fire

59
Q

Precursors or signs of an impending Volcanic Eruption

A

Increase of volcanic quakes
Increase in heat
Rising volume outputs of volcanic gases
Ground deformation
Localized mass wasting process
Development of new or reactivation of old thermal sites

60
Q

The original agency for volcano monitoring in the Philippines, established in June 20, 1952 through the RA 766, before being later renamed to Philippine Institute of Volcanology (PHIVOLC) in March 17, 1982 through EO 784, after which was reestablished as the current PHIVOLCS when the seismology monitoring was transferred to the institute from PAGASA.

A

Commission on Volcanology (COMVOL)

61
Q

What volcano eruption was the reason COMVOL being made?

A

Mt. Hibok-Hibok

62
Q

The official Philippine agency established on September 17, 1984 that is mandated to mitigate disasters that may arise from volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, and other related geotectonic phenomena.

A

Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)

63
Q

Name all the Active Volcanoes in the Philippines

A

Iraya
Smith
Babuyan Claro
Didicas
Camiguin de Babuyanes
Cagua
Pinatubo
Taal
Banahaw
Isarog
Iriga
Mayon
Bulusan
Biliran
Kanlaon
Cabalian
Hibok-Hibok
Musuan
Ragang
Makaturing
Leonard Kniaseff
Matutum
Parker
Bud Dajo

64
Q

tapos n

A

papasa

Petrology (16 decks)

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