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Petrology > Sedimentary Rocks (Part 3 - Chemical Sedimentary) > Flashcards

Sedimentary Rocks (Part 3 - Chemical Sedimentary) Flashcards

1
Q

6 Non-Clastic Rocks

A

(CESOIP)
Carbonates
Evaporites
Siliceous deposits
Organic carbonaceous rocks
Ironstones
Phosphates

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2
Q

Clastic or non-clastic sedimentary rocks dominantly composed of calcareous minerals such as calcite, aragonite dolomite, and siderite.

A

Carbonates

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3
Q

How does carbonates form?

A

Calcareous clasts, through chemical precipitation or organic processes

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4
Q

Sedimentary rocks dominantly composed of calcite.

A

Limestone

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5
Q

Sedimentary rocks dominantly composed of dolomite.

A

Dolostone

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6
Q

A process where dolostone are products of diagenetic
processes that converted calcite carbonates to dolomite.

A

Dolomitization

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7
Q

Also called allochems

A

Grains

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8
Q

sand- to gravel sized carbonate particles that include
shells, ooids, limeclasts, and peloids.

A

Grains

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9
Q

Mud-sized carbonate particles in limestones and dolostones.

A

Micrite

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10
Q

The process where micro-boring activity of blue-green, cyanophyte bacteria.

A

Micritization

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11
Q

Carbonates that can be made up of various-sized sediments or pellets composed of carbonate minerals.

A

Clastic

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12
Q

Clastic carbonates dominantly composed of ooids.

A

Oolite

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13
Q

Clastic carbonates dominantly composed of pisoids.

A

Pisolites

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14
Q

Carbonate rocks with gravel-sized particles.

A

Calcirudite/Dolorudite

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15
Q

Carbonate rocks with sand-sized particles.

A

Calcarenite/Dolarenite

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16
Q

Carbonate rocks with mud-sized particles.

A

Calcilutite/Dololutite

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17
Q

A coarse limestone made up of poorly cemented shells and shell fragments.

A

Coquina

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18
Q

A soft, porous variety of limestone made up of almost entirely hard parts of microscopic marine organisms.

A

Chalk

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19
Q

A type of limestone commonly deposited in caves.

A

Travertine

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20
Q

A type of limestone commonly deposited in hot springs.

A

Tufa

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21
Q

Snails; contains calcareous hard parts.

A

Molluscs

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22
Q

Shells; contains calcareous hard parts.

A

Bivalves

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23
Q

A Class under the Mollusca phyllum; contains calcareous hard parts.

A

Gastropods

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24
Q

Sea urchins; contains calcareous hard parts.

A

Echinoids

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25
Q

Sea lilies; contains calcareous hard parts.

A

Crinoids

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26
Q

Single-celled organism composed of calcite

A

Foraminifera

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27
Q

Corals; contains calcareous hard parts.

A

Cnidaria

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28
Q

Important source of biogenic carbonates.

A

Algae

29
Q

Red algae that encrust surfaces.

A

Rhodophyta

30
Q

Green, rod-shaped algae.

A

Chlorophyta

31
Q

Yellow green algae.

A

Nanoplankton

32
Q

Important prehistoric carbonate-forming organisms.

A

Cyanobacteria

33
Q

Phytoplankton with calcite test.

A

Coccolithophore

34
Q

Non-clastic sedimentary rocks formed through precipitating from solutions as ions within those become more concentrated as water evaporates.

A

Evaporites

35
Q

What compounds precipitate first?

A

Least soluble

36
Q

What minerals precipitate first?

A

Calcite then Gypsum and Halite

37
Q

Most commonly encountered evaporite minerals in sedimentary rocks that are composed of calcium sulphate.

A

Gypsum (CaSO4 - 2H2O) and Anhydrite (CaSO4)

38
Q

What percentage of the original water volume remains after most of it has evaporated? (Gypsum and Anhydrite)

A

19%

39
Q

Precipitates as thick crystalline beds once water has been evaporated.

A

Halite (NaCl)

40
Q

What percentage of the original water volume remains after most of it has evaporated? (Halite)

A

9.5%

41
Q

10 Evaporite Minerals

A

(GAHCKKPSLB)
Gypsum
Anhydrite
Halite
Carnellite
Kainite
Keiserite
Polyhalite
Sylvite
Langbenite
Bischofite

42
Q

Sequence of Evaporite Deposition

A

(CGAHSC)
Calcite
Gypsum
Anhydrite
Halite
Sylvite
Carnallite

43
Q

Non-clastic sedimentary rocks dominantly composed of silica.

A

Siliceous

44
Q

How does siliceous seds form?

A

Through accumulation of diatoms (phytoplankton) and radiolaria (zooplankton) as siliceous ooze

45
Q

A non-clastic sedimentary rock made up of microcrystalline quartz.

A

Chert

46
Q

Black chert

A

Flint

47
Q

Red chert

A

Jasper

48
Q

Green chert

A

Prase

49
Q

Concentric chert

A

Chalcedony

50
Q

Non-clastic sedimentary rocks dominantly composed of phosphate deposits that may form organically.

A

Phosphates

51
Q

Rocks with high concentrations of phosphates.

A

Phosphorites

52
Q

A calcium phosphate mineral.

A

Francolite

53
Q

Fossilized feces of animals that is high in phosphates.

A

Coprolite

54
Q

Significant non-clastic sedimentary rocks dominantly composed of iron that may be in the form of oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, sulfides, or silicates.

A

Ironstones

55
Q

Most of the iron mined today is from Precambrian rocks known as?

A

Banded Iron Formations (BIF)

56
Q

Rocks with high concentrations of iron.

A

Ironstones

57
Q

A major type of BIF that dominate the Archean iron-rich sedimentary rocks that formed between 3.8 Ga and 2.6 Ga.

A

Algoma - type

58
Q

A major type of BIF that dominate Proterozoic iron-rich sedimentary rocks that formed between 2.6 Ga and 1.8 Ga and again from 0.8 Ga to 0.5 Ga.

A

Superior - type

59
Q

Larger type of BIF?

A

Superior type

60
Q

A type of BIF that deposited immediately during glaciation during the Snowball Earth period, where global anoxia causes the presence of dissolved ferrous iron in seawater. (little economic significance)

A

Rapitan - type

61
Q

Non-clastic sedimentary rocks that is rich in ? or organic components.

A

Carbonaceous

62
Q

Organic-rich deposit that generally form in swamps where organic materials may be preserved.

A

Peat

63
Q

Remains of plant materials that accumulates underwater in anoxic conditions.

A

Sapropel

64
Q

Sedimentary rocks that are rich in solid organic matter.

A

Coal

65
Q

A classification of coal based on how “cooked” they are.

A

Coal Rank

66
Q

Coal Ranks:

A

Lignite
Sub-bituminous
Bituminous
Anthracite

67
Q

What rank does Philippines mostly have of coal?

A

Sub-bituminous

68
Q

Mudrocks that are rich in organic materials that can be extracted in the form of liquid (oil) or gas (natural gas).

A

Oil Shales

Petrology (16 decks)

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