Sedimentary Rocks (Part 3 - Chemical Sedimentary) Flashcards
6 Non-Clastic Rocks
(CESOIP)
Carbonates
Evaporites
Siliceous deposits
Organic carbonaceous rocks
Ironstones
Phosphates
Clastic or non-clastic sedimentary rocks dominantly composed of calcareous minerals such as calcite, aragonite dolomite, and siderite.
Carbonates
How does carbonates form?
Calcareous clasts, through chemical precipitation or organic processes
Sedimentary rocks dominantly composed of calcite.
Limestone
Sedimentary rocks dominantly composed of dolomite.
Dolostone
A process where dolostone are products of diagenetic
processes that converted calcite carbonates to dolomite.
Dolomitization
Also called allochems
Grains
sand- to gravel sized carbonate particles that include
shells, ooids, limeclasts, and peloids.
Grains
Mud-sized carbonate particles in limestones and dolostones.
Micrite
The process where micro-boring activity of blue-green, cyanophyte bacteria.
Micritization
Carbonates that can be made up of various-sized sediments or pellets composed of carbonate minerals.
Clastic
Clastic carbonates dominantly composed of ooids.
Oolite
Clastic carbonates dominantly composed of pisoids.
Pisolites
Carbonate rocks with gravel-sized particles.
Calcirudite/Dolorudite
Carbonate rocks with sand-sized particles.
Calcarenite/Dolarenite
Carbonate rocks with mud-sized particles.
Calcilutite/Dololutite
A coarse limestone made up of poorly cemented shells and shell fragments.
Coquina
A soft, porous variety of limestone made up of almost entirely hard parts of microscopic marine organisms.
Chalk
A type of limestone commonly deposited in caves.
Travertine
A type of limestone commonly deposited in hot springs.
Tufa
Snails; contains calcareous hard parts.
Molluscs
Shells; contains calcareous hard parts.
Bivalves
A Class under the Mollusca phyllum; contains calcareous hard parts.
Gastropods
Sea urchins; contains calcareous hard parts.
Echinoids
Sea lilies; contains calcareous hard parts.
Crinoids
Single-celled organism composed of calcite
Foraminifera
Corals; contains calcareous hard parts.
Cnidaria
Important source of biogenic carbonates.
Algae
Red algae that encrust surfaces.
Rhodophyta
Green, rod-shaped algae.
Chlorophyta
Yellow green algae.
Nanoplankton
Important prehistoric carbonate-forming organisms.
Cyanobacteria
Phytoplankton with calcite test.
Coccolithophore
Non-clastic sedimentary rocks formed through precipitating from solutions as ions within those become more concentrated as water evaporates.
Evaporites
What compounds precipitate first?
Least soluble
What minerals precipitate first?
Calcite then Gypsum and Halite
Most commonly encountered evaporite minerals in sedimentary rocks that are composed of calcium sulphate.
Gypsum (CaSO4 - 2H2O) and Anhydrite (CaSO4)
What percentage of the original water volume remains after most of it has evaporated? (Gypsum and Anhydrite)
19%
Precipitates as thick crystalline beds once water has been evaporated.
Halite (NaCl)
What percentage of the original water volume remains after most of it has evaporated? (Halite)
9.5%
10 Evaporite Minerals
(GAHCKKPSLB)
Gypsum
Anhydrite
Halite
Carnellite
Kainite
Keiserite
Polyhalite
Sylvite
Langbenite
Bischofite
Sequence of Evaporite Deposition
(CGAHSC)
Calcite
Gypsum
Anhydrite
Halite
Sylvite
Carnallite
Non-clastic sedimentary rocks dominantly composed of silica.
Siliceous
How does siliceous seds form?
Through accumulation of diatoms (phytoplankton) and radiolaria (zooplankton) as siliceous ooze
A non-clastic sedimentary rock made up of microcrystalline quartz.
Chert
Black chert
Flint
Red chert
Jasper
Green chert
Prase
Concentric chert
Chalcedony
Non-clastic sedimentary rocks dominantly composed of phosphate deposits that may form organically.
Phosphates
Rocks with high concentrations of phosphates.
Phosphorites
A calcium phosphate mineral.
Francolite
Fossilized feces of animals that is high in phosphates.
Coprolite
Significant non-clastic sedimentary rocks dominantly composed of iron that may be in the form of oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, sulfides, or silicates.
Ironstones
Most of the iron mined today is from Precambrian rocks known as?
Banded Iron Formations (BIF)
Rocks with high concentrations of iron.
Ironstones
A major type of BIF that dominate the Archean iron-rich sedimentary rocks that formed between 3.8 Ga and 2.6 Ga.
Algoma - type
A major type of BIF that dominate Proterozoic iron-rich sedimentary rocks that formed between 2.6 Ga and 1.8 Ga and again from 0.8 Ga to 0.5 Ga.
Superior - type
Larger type of BIF?
Superior type
A type of BIF that deposited immediately during glaciation during the Snowball Earth period, where global anoxia causes the presence of dissolved ferrous iron in seawater. (little economic significance)
Rapitan - type
Non-clastic sedimentary rocks that is rich in ? or organic components.
Carbonaceous
Organic-rich deposit that generally form in swamps where organic materials may be preserved.
Peat
Remains of plant materials that accumulates underwater in anoxic conditions.
Sapropel
Sedimentary rocks that are rich in solid organic matter.
Coal
A classification of coal based on how “cooked” they are.
Coal Rank
Coal Ranks:
Lignite
Sub-bituminous
Bituminous
Anthracite
What rank does Philippines mostly have of coal?
Sub-bituminous
Mudrocks that are rich in organic materials that can be extracted in the form of liquid (oil) or gas (natural gas).
Oil Shales