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Petrology > Sedimentary Rocks (Part 3 - Chemical Sedimentary) > Flashcards

Sedimentary Rocks (Part 3 - Chemical Sedimentary) Flashcards

1
Q

6 Non-Clastic Rocks

A

(CESOIP)
Carbonates
Evaporites
Siliceous deposits
Organic carbonaceous rocks
Ironstones
Phosphates

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2
Q

Clastic or non-clastic sedimentary rocks dominantly composed of calcareous minerals such as calcite, aragonite dolomite, and siderite.

A

Carbonates

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3
Q

How does carbonates form?

A

Calcareous clasts, through chemical precipitation or organic processes

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4
Q

Sedimentary rocks dominantly composed of calcite.

A

Limestone

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5
Q

Sedimentary rocks dominantly composed of dolomite.

A

Dolostone

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6
Q

A process where dolostone are products of diagenetic
processes that converted calcite carbonates to dolomite.

A

Dolomitization

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7
Q

Also called allochems

A

Grains

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8
Q

sand- to gravel sized carbonate particles that include
shells, ooids, limeclasts, and peloids.

A

Grains

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9
Q

Mud-sized carbonate particles in limestones and dolostones.

A

Micrite

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10
Q

The process where micro-boring activity of blue-green, cyanophyte bacteria.

A

Micritization

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11
Q

Carbonates that can be made up of various-sized sediments or pellets composed of carbonate minerals.

A

Clastic

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12
Q

Clastic carbonates dominantly composed of ooids.

A

Oolite

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13
Q

Clastic carbonates dominantly composed of pisoids.

A

Pisolites

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14
Q

Carbonate rocks with gravel-sized particles.

A

Calcirudite/Dolorudite

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15
Q

Carbonate rocks with sand-sized particles.

A

Calcarenite/Dolarenite

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16
Q

Carbonate rocks with mud-sized particles.

A

Calcilutite/Dololutite

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17
Q

A coarse limestone made up of poorly cemented shells and shell fragments.

A

Coquina

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18
Q

A soft, porous variety of limestone made up of almost entirely hard parts of microscopic marine organisms.

A

Chalk

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19
Q

A type of limestone commonly deposited in caves.

A

Travertine

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20
Q

A type of limestone commonly deposited in hot springs.

A

Tufa

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21
Q

Snails; contains calcareous hard parts.

A

Molluscs

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22
Q

Shells; contains calcareous hard parts.

A

Bivalves

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23
Q

A Class under the Mollusca phyllum; contains calcareous hard parts.

A

Gastropods

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24
Q

Sea urchins; contains calcareous hard parts.

A

Echinoids

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25
Sea lilies; contains calcareous hard parts.
Crinoids
26
Single-celled organism composed of calcite
Foraminifera
27
Corals; contains calcareous hard parts.
Cnidaria
28
Important source of biogenic carbonates.
Algae
29
Red algae that encrust surfaces.
Rhodophyta
30
Green, rod-shaped algae.
Chlorophyta
31
Yellow green algae.
Nanoplankton
32
Important prehistoric carbonate-forming organisms.
Cyanobacteria
33
Phytoplankton with calcite test.
Coccolithophore
34
Non-clastic sedimentary rocks formed through precipitating from solutions as ions within those become more concentrated as water evaporates.
Evaporites
35
What compounds precipitate first?
Least soluble
36
What minerals precipitate first?
Calcite then Gypsum and Halite
37
Most commonly encountered evaporite minerals in sedimentary rocks that are composed of calcium sulphate.
Gypsum (CaSO4 - 2H2O) and Anhydrite (CaSO4)
38
What percentage of the original water volume remains after most of it has evaporated? (Gypsum and Anhydrite)
19%
39
Precipitates as thick crystalline beds once water has been evaporated.
Halite (NaCl)
40
What percentage of the original water volume remains after most of it has evaporated? (Halite)
9.5%
41
10 Evaporite Minerals
(GAHCKKPSLB) Gypsum Anhydrite Halite Carnellite Kainite Keiserite Polyhalite Sylvite Langbenite Bischofite
42
Sequence of Evaporite Deposition
(CGAHSC) Calcite Gypsum Anhydrite Halite Sylvite Carnallite
43
Non-clastic sedimentary rocks dominantly composed of silica.
Siliceous
44
How does siliceous seds form?
Through accumulation of diatoms (phytoplankton) and radiolaria (zooplankton) as siliceous ooze
45
A non-clastic sedimentary rock made up of microcrystalline quartz.
Chert
46
Black chert
Flint
47
Red chert
Jasper
48
Green chert
Prase
49
Concentric chert
Chalcedony
50
Non-clastic sedimentary rocks dominantly composed of phosphate deposits that may form organically.
Phosphates
51
Rocks with high concentrations of phosphates.
Phosphorites
52
A calcium phosphate mineral.
Francolite
53
Fossilized feces of animals that is high in phosphates.
Coprolite
54
Significant non-clastic sedimentary rocks dominantly composed of iron that may be in the form of oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, sulfides, or silicates.
Ironstones
55
Most of the iron mined today is from Precambrian rocks known as?
Banded Iron Formations (BIF)
56
Rocks with high concentrations of iron.
Ironstones
57
A major type of BIF that dominate the Archean iron-rich sedimentary rocks that formed between 3.8 Ga and 2.6 Ga.
Algoma - type
58
A major type of BIF that dominate Proterozoic iron-rich sedimentary rocks that formed between 2.6 Ga and 1.8 Ga and again from 0.8 Ga to 0.5 Ga.
Superior - type
59
Larger type of BIF?
Superior type
60
A type of BIF that deposited immediately during glaciation during the Snowball Earth period, where global anoxia causes the presence of dissolved ferrous iron in seawater. (little economic significance)
Rapitan - type
61
Non-clastic sedimentary rocks that is rich in ? or organic components.
Carbonaceous
62
Organic-rich deposit that generally form in swamps where organic materials may be preserved.
Peat
63
Remains of plant materials that accumulates underwater in anoxic conditions.
Sapropel
64
Sedimentary rocks that are rich in solid organic matter.
Coal
65
A classification of coal based on how “cooked” they are.
Coal Rank
66
Coal Ranks:
Lignite Sub-bituminous Bituminous Anthracite
67
What rank does Philippines mostly have of coal?
Sub-bituminous
68
Mudrocks that are rich in organic materials that can be extracted in the form of liquid (oil) or gas (natural gas).
Oil Shales

Petrology (16 decks)

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