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Petrology > Metamorphic Rocks (Part 2 - Metamorphic Rocks w/ Textures and Metamorphic Zones) > Flashcards

Metamorphic Rocks (Part 2 - Metamorphic Rocks w/ Textures and Metamorphic Zones) Flashcards

1
Q

Rocks that formed as a result of metamorphism.

A

Metamorphic Rocks

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2
Q

A sub-branch of Petrology that focuses on the composition, characteristics and origins of metamorphic rocks.

A

Metamorphic Petrology

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3
Q

A fine grained (<1.0 mm diameter), non foliated fabric that develops by contact metamorphism, with predominantly equant grains.

A

Hornfelsic Texture

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4
Q

Non-foliated metamorphic rocks that are derived
from fine-grained protolith rocks that develop in metamorphic aureoles, adjacent to igneous intrusions.

A

Hornfels

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5
Q

Characterized by large (>1.0 mm diameter) equant grains or large equant grains that lack foliation, occur in high grade rocks that form at elevated temperature and pressure conditions, and develop during metamorphism of a wide range of protoliths under uniform stress conditions.

A

Granoblastic Texture

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6
Q

Also called quartzite

A

Metaquartzite

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7
Q

A non-foliated, metamorphic rock with a granoblastic texture that contains >90% quartz and derived
from quartz-rich protoliths, such as sandstone or chert.

A

Metaquartzite

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8
Q

Granoblastic, metamorphic rock rich in calcite and/or dolomite, derived from recrystallization of limestone or dolostone protoliths from dynamothermal, burial or
contact metamorphism.

A

Marble

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9
Q

Other term for Skarn

A

Tactite

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10
Q

A granoblastic calc-silicate rock formed by contact metamorphism of carbonate metamorphic rocks through metasomatism from the release of silica and volatiles from the magma which also generates calc-silicate mineral assemblages and/or metallic ore deposits.

A

Skarn

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10
Q

Metamorphic rocks that show fractured, angular particles that form in response to the brittle crushing of grains during deformation in the upper crustal fault zones.

A

Cataclastic Texture

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11
Q

Metamorphic rock with cataclastic texture derived from metamorphism of sedimentary or igneous breccias that develop during dynamic or dynamothermal metamorphism.

A

Metabreccia

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12
Q

Cohesive metamorphic rock with cataclastic texture produced by brittle deformation in zones under low temperature, high strain, dynamic metamorphic
conditions.

A

Cataclasite

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13
Q

Glassy metamorphic rocks produced by high strains generating localized melting in fault zones, and commonly occur as vein material in cataclastic rocks such as fault breccias and cataclasites.

A

Pseudotachylite

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14
Q

High strain rate cataclastic rocks created by the tremendous short-term stresses that are typically associated with extraterrestrial rock bodies impacting Earth.

A

Impactites

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15
Q

Non-crystalline, highgrade coals that are vitreous, light weight and jet black in color that commonly display conchoidal fractures, forms from bituminous coal experiencing metamorphism through burial or dynamothermal metamorphism.

A

Anthracite

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16
Q

Metamorphic rocks derived from conglomerate protoliths and contain sub-rounded to rounded relict clasts with >2 mm diameter, and can form from a wide
range of protolith clast compositions from burial, dynamothermal or contact metamorphism.

A

Metaconglomerate

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17
Q

Serpentine-rich metamorphic rocks that can occur
either foliated or non-foliated forms that form through hydrothermal alteration of ultrabasic rocks at temperatures below 50d °C, hydrating olivines and pyroxenes into serpentine minerals.

A

Serpentinite

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17
Q

Fine-grained alteration rocks produced from the alteration of ultrabasic rocks or Mg-rich sedimentary rocks through low temperature and pressure hydrothermal fluids, where Talc contributes to its soapy feel and low hardness.

A

Soapstone

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18
Q

Green-colored metamorphic rocks rich in silicate minerals that commonly include chlorite, epidote, prehnite, pumpellyite, talc, serpentine, actinolite, albite, forms by low to moderate (200-50d °C) temperature alteration of basic to ultrabasic igneous rocks, and commonly develop from hydrothermal metamorphism in oceanic crust near divergent plate boundaries.

A

Greenstone

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19
Q

Sodium-rich basalt that can occur in greenstones.

A

Spilite

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20
Q

Sodium-rich andesite that can occur in greenstones.

A

Keratophyre

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21
Q

A greenstone characterized by the abundance of chlorite, epidote, prehnite, pumpellyite, talc, serpentine, actinolite and albite, with a foliated texture.

A

Greenschist

22
Q

Dark—colored metamorphic rocks composed largely of amphiboles, and form by medium to high temperature °C) regional metamorphism of basic igneous rocks or sedimentary rocks.

A

Amphibolite

23
Q

Amphibolites derived from basic igneous rocks.

A

Ortho-amphibolite

24
Q

Amphibolites derived from sedimentary protoliths.

A

Para-amphibolite

25
Q

Medium to coarse-grained rocks that contain granoblastic to foliated textures that form by high temperature (>800°C ) and high pressure (>10 kbar, or 33 km depth) metamorphism.

A

Granulite

26
Q

Schistose metamorphic rocks produced in subduction zone settings, characterized by significant amount of glaucophane, lawsonite, aegirine and kyanite.

A

Blueschist

27
Q

Very high pressure, high temperature rocks that develop principally from basic protoliths, and may be the major rock type in Earth’s lower crust due to its high temperature (>400°C) and high pressure (1.2 GPa at >40 km depth) conditions. It commonly appears as red and green due to its major minerals being jadeite, pyroxene, omphacite, and red garnets.

A

Eclogite

28
Q

Closely spaced layers along which metamorphic rocks break or cleaves readily to produce flat surfaces with a dull luster.

A

Slaty Cleavage

29
Q

Fine-grained, aluminum-rich, pelitic metamorphic rocks that possess flat, planar cleavage that develops during metamorphism under non-uniform stress at
relatively low temperatures (150-200 °C) and low pressures.

A

Slate

30
Q

Rock cleavage characterized by larger crystals and more wavy surfaces compared to slaty cleavage.

A

Phyllitic Cleavage

31
Q

A very common foliation defined by the sub-parallel
arrangement of macroscopic platy minerals in closely spaced metamorphic layers.

A

Schistosity

31
Q

Metamorphic rock characterized by its phyllitic cleavage and glossy sheen, and commonly develop by the recrystallization of slate, possessing the same protolith as slates, at temperatures 250-300 °C and
pressure conditions exceeding slates.

A

Phyllite

32
Q

Metamorphic rock characterized with schistosity, enriched in aluminosilicate minerals, derived from various protoliths, and produced by dynamothermal metamorphism at convergent plate boundaries with temperatures 300-400 °C

A

Schist

33
Q

A foliation characterized by the arrangement of
minerals into distinct color bands, which are commonly alternating light-colored quartz and dark colored biotites and amphiboles.

A

Gneissosity

34
Q

Metamorphic rock with a gneissose structure that develop from lower grade metamorphic rocks from a wide variety of protoliths, and form from dynamothermal settings at temperatures exceeding 600 °C.

A

Gneiss

35
Q

Gneisses that develop from igneous protolithts

A

Orthogneiss

36
Q

Gneisses that develop from sedimentary protoliths

A

Paragneiss

37
Q

“Mixed” rocks that possess textural and structural characteristics of both igneous and metamorphic rocks, displaying an irregular, swirling mix of colors, and develop under high temperature (>800°C) conditions in the lower crust.

A

Migmatite

38
Q

Commonly banded metaquartzite that contains 20-30% iron.

A

Taconite

39
Q

Pervasively deformed metamorphic rocks that have their original composition and texture largely obliterated.

A

Tectonite

40
Q

A by-product glassy rock produced by the explosion during the Trinity Test.

A

Trinitite

41
Q

Zones where Index Minerals can be notably
found, bounded by isograds

A

Barrovian Zones

42
Q

Imaginary lines on geologic maps marking the first appearance of an index mineral.

A

Isograd

43
Q

A British geologist who discovered a key to interpreting progressive metamorphism whereby progressively higher grades of metamorphic minerals and rocks are produced with increasing temperature in an evolving orogenic belt.

A

George Barrow (1912)

44
Q

Common rocks include chlorite-bearing
slate, chlorite-sericite phyllite and chlorite-sericite schist.

A

Chlorite Zone

45
Q

Chlorite becomes unstable and begins to be replaced by what mineral at the upper temperature limit of the chlorite zone?

A

Biotite

46
Q

What zone does common rocks include garnet schist or garnet-mica schist. Garnets commonly occur as porphyroblasts.

A

Almandine Zones

47
Q

How does almandine form?

A

Chemical transformation of chlorite and magnetite

48
Q

What zone does common rocks include staurolite-mica schist and staurolite-garnet-mica schist.

A

Staurolite Zone

49
Q

What zone does common rocks include kyanite-schist and kyanite-mica schist.

A

Kyanite Zone

50
Q

How does kyanite form?

A

Transformation of aluminosilicate minerals such as andalusite (a low pressure polymorph) or through
dehydration of staurolite or pyrophyllite.

51
Q

Common rocks include sillimanite schist, sillimanite gneiss and cordierite gneiss.

A

Sillimanite Zone

52
Q

How does sillimanite form?

A

Developed by dehydration of muscovite
in the presence of quartz.

Petrology (16 decks)

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