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Petrology > Igneous Petrology (Part 2 - Intrusive Igneous Structures, Crystalline Forms) > Flashcards

Igneous Petrology (Part 2 - Intrusive Igneous Structures, Crystalline Forms) Flashcards

1
Q

Plutons of more or less irregular shape with surface exposures _> 100km2

A

Batholith

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2
Q

Plutons with surface exposures _< 100km2

A

Stocks

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3
Q

A tabular, concordant pluton that parallels the country rock

A

Sill

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4
Q

A dome-like concordant pluton characterized by a dome roof and flat floor.

A

Laccolith

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5
Q

A dish-shaped concordant pluton that has a “champagne glass” appearance in a section view

A

Lopolith

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6
Q

Tabular intrusions that cuts through the country rock.

A

Dike

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7
Q

Cylindrical dikes exposed by erosion, and represents ancient conduits of old volcanoes.

A

Neck

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8
Q

Cylindrical pipes that can extend up to 20 km deep and develop through explosive intrusions.

A

Diatremes

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9
Q

Rocks that formed as a result of magma or lava cooling and solidifying

A

Igneous Rocks

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10
Q

Intrusive Igneous Rock

A

Plutonic

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11
Q

Extrusive Igneous Rock

A

Volcanic

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12
Q

A direct type of classification of composition that involves visual comparison of minerals and determining their volume percentages.

A

Modal Classification

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13
Q

An indirect type of classification of composition that analyzes the chemical composition of rocks

A

Normative Classification

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14
Q

Factors for Igneous Rocks Classification

A

Composition and Texture

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15
Q

Review table of Normative and Modal Classification

A

ok

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16
Q

A plutonic, very dark-colored (ultramafic) rock, depleted in SiO2.

A

Peridotite

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17
Q

A volcanic, very dark-colored (ultramafic) rock, depleted in SiO2.

A

Komatiite

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18
Q

Komatiite is characterized by?

A

Spinifex Texture

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19
Q

A plutonic, dark-colored (mafic), SiO2-poor (basic) rocks rich in plagioclase, pyroxene and olivine.

A

Gabbro

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20
Q

A volcanic, dark-colored (mafic), SiO2-poor (basic) rocks rich in plagioclase, pyroxene and olivine.

A

Basalt

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21
Q

A plutonic, salt and pepper-colored rock and generally contain more than half to almost two-thirds to SiO2.

A

Diorite

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22
Q

A volcanic, gray-colored (intermediate), rock rich in hornblende, pyroxene and plagioclase and generally contain more than half to almost two-thirds SiO2.

A

Andesite

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23
Q

A plutonic, light colored (felsic) rocks, containing approximately two-thirds SiO2. Can also be seen having a bit of pinkish hue

A

Granodiorite

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24
Q

A volcanic, light colored (felsic) rocks, containing approximately two-thirds SiO2.

A

Dacite

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25
Q

A plutonic, light colored (felsic) rocks, containing more than two-thirds SiO2.

A

Granite

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26
Q

A volcanic, light colored (felsic) rocks, containing more than two-thirds SiO2.

A

Rhyolite

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27
Q

Light colored, felsic, frothy, vesicular rock, less dense

A

Pumice

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28
Q

Dark-colored, felsic, frothy, vesicular rock, more dense

A

Scoria

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29
Q

A dark-colored silicic, non-crystalline igneous rock that has a glassy texture.

A

Obsidian

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30
Q

A dark-colored basic, non-crystalline igneous rock that has a glassy texture.

A

Tachylite

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31
Q

Complete crystal faces that are not impinged upon by other crystals, developed under circumstances such as slow cooling of magma.

A

Euhedral

32
Q

Partially complete crystal form

A

Subhedral

33
Q

Crystals that lack any observable faces

A

Anhedral/xenomorphic

34
Q

A mix of euhedral, subhedral and anhedral grains

A

Hypidiomorphic-granular texture

35
Q

Wholly crystalline texture

A

Holocrystalline

36
Q

Partially crystalline/partially glassy texture

A

Hypocrystalline

37
Q

Wholly glass texture

A

Holohyaline

38
Q

Texture that contains small crystals less than 1 mm in diamater that are not generally discernible to the naked eye and are associated with volcanic rocks that cool quickly on Earth’s surface.

A

Aphanitic

39
Q

What is the type of aphanitic that igneous texture with crystals too fine to be identified even with a petrographic microscope

A

Cryptocrystalline

40
Q

Igneous texture containing minerals that can only be discerned using a petrographic microscope called microlites.

A

Microcrystalline

41
Q

Crystals too small for the naked eye but large enough to be identified with a petrographic microscope.

A

Microlites

42
Q

Characterized by crystals with diameters ranging from 1 to 30 mm but subdivided into three.

A

Phaneritic
a. fine grained - 1mm to 3mm
b. medium grained - 3mm to 10mm
c. coarse grained - 10mm to 30mm

43
Q

Consists of two distinctly different crystal sizes due to a two stage cooling process

A

porphyritic

44
Q

Large crystals in a porphyritic texture.

A

Phenocrysts

45
Q

fine-grained material in a porphyritic texture

A

Groundmass

46
Q

A type of porphyritic texture where all crystals are visible to the naked eye.

A

Porphyritic-phaneritic

47
Q

A type of porphyritic texture where the phenocrysts are embedded in an aphanitic groundmass

A

Porphyritic-aphanitic

48
Q

Characterized by large crystals averaging more than 30 mm in diameter

A

Pegmatitic

49
Q

Igneous rocks with pegmatitic texture

A

Pegmatite

50
Q

The number of new “seed” crystals that develop per volume per unit time.

A

Crystal Nucleation Rate

51
Q

Factors affecting crystal nucleation

A

Cooling Rate
Ion Availability
Diffusion

52
Q

The rate at which elements migrate through magma that depends primarily on the viscosity of the melt.

A

Diffusion

53
Q

Elements that tend to increase molecular linkage which increases viscosity.

A

Network formers

54
Q

An igneous rock texture primarily composed of glass that develop in lava that solidifies without experiencing significant crystallization

A

Glassy/Holohyaline

55
Q

An amorphous solid possessing a disordered form, thereby lacking an ordered crystalline form.

A

Glass

56
Q

Occurs when melts come into contact with air and water, rapidly absorbing heat, causing the melt to solidify rapidly before crystals could nucleate and grow.

A

Quenching

57
Q

An igneous rock texture that contains recognizable phenocrysts in a glassy groundmass.

A

Vitrophyric

58
Q

An igneous rock with vitrophyric texture.

A

Vitrophyre

59
Q

A process when glasses crystallize into a solid state by growing on pre-existing microlitic or cryptocrystalline nuclei.

A

Devitrification

60
Q

Rounded masses of radiating crystals that develop from devitrification.

A

Spherulites

61
Q

black, glassy obsidian with cristobalite seeds that grew as “white snowflakes” within the obsidian.

A

Snowflake obsidian

62
Q

igneous rock texture characterized by a cloudy appearance.

A

Perlitic

63
Q

Glassy SiO2-rich volcanic rocks with a perlitic texture and higher water contents than obsidian.

A

Perlite

64
Q

Curved or subpherical cooling cracks

A

Perlitic cracks

65
Q

An igneous rock texture that are dominated by vesicles and develop due to exsolution and entrapment of gas bubbles in lava as it cools and solidifies.

A

Vesicular

66
Q

Spherical or ellipsoidal void spaces.

A

Vesicles

67
Q

A depth where volatiles exsolve from the liquid as a separate phase.

A

Level of exsolution

68
Q

A process that occurs above the level of exsolution where volatiles nucleate as small bubbles

A

Vesiculation

69
Q

Encountered when bubbles constitute 70-80% of the magma volume.

A

Fragmentation surface

70
Q

A modifier of igneous rocks placed before the rocks’ names when they contain 5-30% vesicles.

A

Vesicular

71
Q

A modifier for igneous rocks containing less than 5% vesicles.

A

Vesicle-bearing

72
Q

An igneous rock texture primarily made up of cemented or welded pyroclasts.

A

Pyroclastic

73
Q

Rock particles of varying sizes ejected by volcanic eruptions

A

Pyroclasts

74
Q

Airborne pyroclasts ejected into the atmosphere

A

Tephra

75
Q

Rock fragment pyroclasts

A

Lithic

76
Q

Glassy fragment pyroclasts

A

Vitric

77
Q

Mineral and crystalline pyroclasts

A

Crystals

Petrology (16 decks)

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