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Petrology > Igneous Petrology (Part 1 - Magmatic Processes, Magma Series, Types of Magma) > Flashcards

Igneous Petrology (Part 1 - Magmatic Processes, Magma Series, Types of Magma) Flashcards

Lava and Magma, Magmatic Processes, Magma Series, Types of Magma

1
Q

The sub-branch of Petrology that primarily focuses on processes and rocks that are formed from magma and lava.

A

Igneous Petrology

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2
Q

Molten rock material generated by partial melting of Earth’s mantle and crust.

A

Magma

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3
Q

Magma that rises and erupts onto the surface of Earth.

A

Lava

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4
Q

The liquid portion of the magma.

A

Melt

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5
Q

The gaseous portion of the magma

A

Volatiles

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6
Q

The solid portion of the magma

A

Crystals

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7
Q

Magma will move towards areas with what pressures

A

Less pressure

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8
Q

What does more undissolved gases mean in magma?

A

Greater volume = More explosive

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9
Q

More fluid magma tends to contain what content?

A

less SiO2 content

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10
Q

What does greater SiO2 concentration mean?

A

More viscous = More explosive

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11
Q

The processes were the magma or lava looses its heat and crystallizes

A

Crystallization

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12
Q

Rocks that formed as a result of crystallization of magma or lava.

A

Igneous Rocks

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13
Q

Igneous rocks that formed beneath the surface as a result of loosing mobility.

A

Plutonic Rocks

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14
Q

Will tend to have larger crystal sizes as they have time to grow.

A

Intrusive Igneous Rock

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15
Q

Igneous rocks that solidified at the surface as a result of extrusion.

A

Volcanic Rocks

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16
Q

Will tend to have smaller crystal sizes as they rapidly cool and crystallize from the cooler environment.

A

Extrusive Igneous Rock

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17
Q

The process where your pre-existing rock is heated to the point of partially melting.

A

Partial Melting

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18
Q

The partial melting within the Earth’s crust.

A

Anatexis

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19
Q

What are the factors that determine the types of magma?

A
  1. Composition, temperature and depth of the source rock.
  2. Percent partial melting of the source.
  3. Source rock’s previous melting history.
  4. Diversification processes
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20
Q

Origins of Magma

A

Temperature increase
Decompression melting
Addition of volatiles

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21
Q

Increase of temperature with depth

A

Geothermal gradient

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22
Q

Occurs as a result of decrease in pressure in the system. (Also known as adiabatic melting)

A

Decompression melting

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23
Q

Agents that reduces melting temperature of a substance.

A

Flux

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24
Q

Occurs when crystallization along the walls of the magma chamber in which crystals preferentially form and adhere to the edges.

A

Marginal Accretion

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25
Q

Includes fractionation processes that occur when crystals develop with significantly different densities than the surrounding magma.

A

Gravitational separation

26
Q

A process during fractional crystallization where the first dense minerals that mineralize sink and accumulate at the bottom of the magma body.

A

Crystal Setting

27
Q

A process during fractional crystallization where the first lighter minerals that mineralize float and accumulate at the top of the magma body.

A

Crystal Flotation

28
Q

A process during magma cooling that occurs when the magma bod is subjected to stress.

A

Filter pressing

29
Q

Occurs whereby liquids and crystal are segregated due to factors such as velocity, density or temperature.

A

Convective Flow Segregation

30
Q

Two or more dissimilar magmas coexist but retaining their distinctive characteristics.

A

Magma Mingling

31
Q

Thorough mixing of two or more magmas, with the individual characteristics no longer recognizable.

A

Magma Mixing

32
Q

Development of more than one type of igneous rock in situ from a common magma.

A

Magmatic Differentiation

33
Q

The incorporation and digestion of solid or fluid foreign materials, such as the wall rock

A

Magmatic Assimilation

34
Q

Inclusions in magmatic bodies.

A

Xenolith

35
Q

One parent magma fractionates to produce two or more distinctly different daughter magmas with different compositions

A

Liquid Fractionation

36
Q

Involves the selective diffusion of ions in the magma due to compositional, thermal or density gradients.

A

Differential Diffusion

37
Q

Also called liquid-liquid fractionation, the separation of magma into two or more distinct immiscible liquid phases.

A

Liquid Immiscibility

38
Q

Consists of genetically-related magmas with a composition that evolved from a common, original, parental magma.

A

Magma Series

39
Q

Record a progressive decrease in iron and magnesium with increasing SiO2 and alkali concentrations.

A

Calc-alkaline magmas

40
Q

What rocks produce in calc-alkaline

A

Andesites, Dacites, Rhyolites, Basalts

41
Q

Experience enrichment in iron at low to moderate SiO2 concentrations with increasing fractionation due to depleted MgO and CaO from early crystallization of forsterite olivine and Ca-plagioclase.

A

Tholeiitic magmas

42
Q

What rocks produce in tholeiitic magmas

A

Large volumes of basalt

43
Q

Magmas that are less common than calc-alkaline or tholeiitic magmas, highly enriched in Na2O and/or K2O

A

Alkaline magmas

44
Q

Characterized by high concentrations of silicic and basic rocks, with little intermediate rocks

A

Bimodal magma suites

45
Q

A graphical method used to discriminate samples through their chemical content into correctly identifying an igneous rock.

A

Variation Diagrams

46
Q

Bivariate diagrams showing the relative content relationship of oxide compounds with SiO2 as the magma evolves.

A

Harker Diagrams

47
Q

With increasing silica, what trends follow

A
  1. Decrease in TiO2, FeO, MgO, CaO and P2O5
  2. Increase in K2O and Na2O
  3. No strong variation in Al2O3.
48
Q

8 most abundant elements in the continental crust

A

Oxygen
Silicon
Aluminum
Iron
Calcium
Sodium
Potassium
Magnesium

49
Q

Explain the types of Magma from Ultramafic to Felsic

A

yes

50
Q

Explain Bowen’s Reaction Series

A

letsgo kaya mo yan

51
Q

Igneous rocks that are dominantly composed of dark-colored silicates but can commonly appear green, enriched in olivine, pyroxene and plagioclase.

A

Ultramafic

52
Q

What rocks form in Ultramafic

A

Peridotite and Komatiite

53
Q

Why is komatiite extinct again?

A

aba malay ko tangina (joke) ano raw temp pressure NOT FAVORABLE!!!! Ultramatic but volcanic (no ultramafic lava exist)

54
Q

Igneous rocks that are dominantly composed of dark-colored silicates such as pyroxenes, plagioclase and amphiboles.

A

Mafic

55
Q

Mafic is also called?

A

Basaltic

56
Q

mafic magma may form what rocks depending on its texture.

A

Gabbro or Basalt

57
Q

Igneous rocks that are gray-colored to salt-and-pepper, depending on the size of the mineral grains.

A

Intermediate

58
Q

Intermediate is also called?

A

Andesitic

59
Q

What rocks would form depending on its texture in Intermediate?

A

Diorite or Andesite

60
Q

Igneous rocks that are dominantly composed of light-colored silicates such as quartz and feldspars.

A

Felsic

61
Q

Felsic is also called?

A

Granitic

62
Q

What rocks would form in felsic, depending on its texture?

A

Granite or Rhyolite

Petrology (13 decks)

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