Sedimentary Rocks (Part 1 - Sediments and Sedimentary Cycle)

Question 1

Pieces of broken down, pre-existing rocks at or near the Earth’s surface.

Answer 1

Sediments

Question 2

Rocks that are made-up of lithified sediments

Answer 2

Sedimentary Rocks

Question 3

A sub-branch of Petrology that focuses on the composition, characteristics and origins of sedimentary rocks.

Answer 3

Sedimentary Petrology

Question 4

A simple model of the processes responsible for the production of sediments and sedimentary rocks.

Answer 4

Sedimentary Cycle

Question 5

Sedimentary Rocks’ Sequence of Formation

Answer 5

(WETDD)
Weathering
Erosion
Transport
Deposition
Diagenesis

Question 6

The process that breaks down rocks into sediments.

Answer 6

Weathering

Question 7

The physical removal of material by mobile agents such as water, wind, ice or gravity.

Answer 7

Erosion

Question 8

The transfer of rock and soil downslope under the influence of gravity.

Answer 8

Mass Wasting

Question 9

3 Factors that affect Weathering

Answer 9

(CRD)
Climate - temperature and moisture
Rock characteristics - Chemical traits of rocks
Differential weathering - Unequal weathering

Question 10

A mixture of minerals, organic matter, water and air.

Answer 10

Soil

Question 11

The layer of rock fragments produced by weathering.

Answer 11

Regolith

Question 12

The study of physical and chemical properties soils and its formation.

Answer 12

Pedology

Question 13

5 Controls of Soil Formation

Answer 13

(PTCOT)
Parent Material - source of weathered mineral matter
Time - length of time that processes have been operating
Climate - Climatic elements
Organisms - Organisms present
Topography - variations in topography

Question 14

Zones of soil with varying composition, texture and structure found at different depths.

Answer 14

Horizons

Question 15

A vertical section of all the soil horizons.

Answer 15

Soil Profile

Question 16

Washing out of fine soil components.

Answer 16

Eluviation

Question 17

Depletion of soluble materials from upper horizons.

Answer 17

Leaching

Question 18

Constitutes the O and A horizon

Answer 18

Topsoil

Question 19

Consists largely of organic material.

Answer 19

O Horizon

Question 20

The zone beneath the O Horizon that is largely mineral matter, with biological activity is high and humus generally present at up to 30 percent in some instances.

Answer 20

A Horizon

Question 21

A light colored layer that contains little organic material.

Answer 21

E Horizon

Question 22

Also known as the Zone of eluvation

Answer 22

E Horizon

Question 23

The zone of accumulation where much of the material removed from the E Horizon by eluviation is deposited.

Answer 23

B Horizon

Question 24

Also known as the Subsoil

Answer 24

B Horizon

Question 25

Also known as the True Soil (what horizons are in it)

Answer 25

Solum (O,A,E and B)

Question 26

The layer of partially altered parent material

Answer 26

C Horizon

Question 27

The unweathered parent material

Answer 27

R Horizon

Question 28

Explain the Soil Profile

Answer 28

kaya mo yan boss ikaw pa

Question 29

A system of soil classification based on the physical and chemical properties of the soil profile.

Answer 29

Soil Taxonomy

Question 30

12 Soil Orders and its Characteristics

Answer 30

(AAAEGHIMOSUV) or (HEAVASUMAGOI) Alfisol - High nutrient Andisol - Volcanic Aridosol - Desert Entisol - New Gelisol - Permafrost Histosol - Organic Inceptisol - Young Mollisol - Prairie Oxisol - Tropical forest Spodosol - Conifer forest Ultisol - Low-nutrient Vertisol - Swelling clay

Question 31

The physical breakdown (me) and the chemical alteration (decomposition) of rocks at or near Earth's surface.

Answer 31

Weathering

Question 32

Explain the Difference between Mechanical and Chemical Weathering

Answer 32

Mechanical - physical breakdown Chemical Weathering - chemical breakdown

Question 33

5 Types of Physical Weathering

Answer 33

(FISSB) Frost Wedging Salt crystal growth Sheeting or Unloading Biological actions Intrusions

Question 34

The freeze-thaw action of water trapped within fractures of rocks that cause the expansion and contraction which would eventually disintegrate rocks.

Answer 34

Frost wedging

Question 35

How many % does frost wedging expands when turned into ice?

Answer 35

9%

Question 36

Frost wedging that expands horizontally

Answer 36

Frost Wedging

Question 37

Frost Wedging that expands vertically

Answer 37

Frost Heaving

Question 38

A mode of weathering near coastlines where salt from seawater accumulate and grow through cracks of rocks and fracture them while growing.

Answer 38

Salt crystal growth

Question 39

Rocks that are originally covered and are then exposed are relieved from pressure, causing an unloading action and expansion.

Answer 39

Sheeting or Unloading

Question 40

What texture does sheeting produce?

Answer 40

Onion Texture

Question 41

Organisms, such as plants, can burrow their roots through cracks which breaks down the rocks into pieces.

Answer 41

Biological Actions

Question 42

The intrusions from beneath the surface induce pressure from below, fracturing the rock mass on the surface.

Answer 42

Intrusions

Question 43

3 Types of Chemical Weathering

Answer 43

Solution Hydrolysis Oxidation

Question 44

A solution mixture of reactive components specific to rocks.

Answer 44

Solution

Question 45

Chemical breakdown of minerals in rocks due to addition of water.

Answer 45

Hydrolysis

Question 46

Chemical breakdown of minerals in rocks due to exposure to oxygen.

Answer 46

Oxidation

Question 47

The removal of materials or sediments by mobile agents such as water, wind, ice or humans.

Answer 47

Erosion

Question 48

4 Transport Media

Answer 48

Air Water Ice Gravity

Question 49

of the 4 Transport Media's, which one is the strongest agent?

Answer 49

Ice

Question 50

of the 4 Transport Media's, which one is the most effective agent?

Answer 50

Water

Question 51

2 Modes of Transport

Answer 51

Bedload and Suspended Load

Question 52

Sediments rolling along the surface of the bed.

Answer 52

Rolling (nagulong)

Question 53

A series of jumping movement of sediments.

Answer 53

Saltation (natalon)

Question 54

Sediments suspended in the transporting media.

Answer 54

Suspension (lumilipad)

Question 55

Glaciers grind against rock as they move, producing fine particles under them known as what?

Answer 55

Rock Flour

Question 56

The volume of void space in a sedimentary rock

Answer 56

Porosity

Question 57

Porosity associated with the original depositional texture of the sediment.

Answer 57

Primary Porosity

Question 58

Porosity that developed after deposition and burial of the sediment in the sedimentary basin.

Answer 58

Secondary Porosity

Question 59

The measure of how much water can move through pore spaces which also describes how water easily flows.

Answer 59

Permeability

Question 60

A property of curve being tortuous, or twisted, having many turns.

Answer 60

Tortuosity

Question 61

Occurs when transportation ceases and sediments accumulate on Earth's surface by collective deposition processes.

Answer 61

Deposition

Question 62

Encompasses a suite of low temperature processes that affect sediments after their accumulation, typically after burial.

Answer 62

Diagenesis

Question 63

A process of lithification that results from the expulsion of intergranular fluids caused by increases in confining pressure during progressively deeper burial.

Answer 63

Compaction

Question 64

A process of lithification that occurs when subsurface fluids precipitate minerals in the spaces between grains that bind or cement grains to one another.

Answer 64

Cementation

Question 65

5 Major Cements in Sedimentary Rocks

Answer 65

Silica Minerals - quartz; occurs chiefly in the form of syntaxial quartz Carbonate Minerals - sandstones and gravelstones; Iron oxides and hydroxides - hematite, geothite and limonite Feldspars - arkosic sandstones and gravelstones Clay minerals - strongly controlled by temp and pH

Question 66

Most abundant carbonate mineral cement

Answer 66

Calcite

Question 67

Early, shallow diagenesis that occurs shortly after burial

Answer 67

Eodiaganesis

Question 68

Later, deeper diagenesis

Answer 68

Mesodiagenesis

Question 69

Still later, shallow diagenesis that occurs as sedimentary rocks approach the surface due to erosion.

Answer 69

Telodiagenesis