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Petrology > Sedimentary Rocks (Part 1 - Sediments and Sedimentary Cycle) > Flashcards

Sedimentary Rocks (Part 1 - Sediments and Sedimentary Cycle) Flashcards

1
Q

Pieces of broken down, pre-existing rocks at or near the Earth’s surface.

A

Sediments

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2
Q

Rocks that are made-up of lithified sediments

A

Sedimentary Rocks

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3
Q

A sub-branch of Petrology that focuses on the composition, characteristics and origins of sedimentary rocks.

A

Sedimentary Petrology

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4
Q

A simple model of the processes responsible for the production of sediments and sedimentary rocks.

A

Sedimentary Cycle

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5
Q

Sedimentary Rocks’ Sequence of Formation

A

(WETDD)
Weathering
Erosion
Transport
Deposition
Diagenesis

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6
Q

The process that breaks down rocks into sediments.

A

Weathering

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7
Q

The physical removal of material by mobile agents such as water, wind, ice or gravity.

A

Erosion

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8
Q

The transfer of rock and soil downslope under the influence of gravity.

A

Mass Wasting

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9
Q

3 Factors that affect Weathering

A

(CRD)
Climate - temperature and moisture
Rock characteristics - Chemical traits of rocks
Differential weathering - Unequal weathering

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10
Q

A mixture of minerals, organic matter, water and air.

A

Soil

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11
Q

The layer of rock fragments produced by weathering.

A

Regolith

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12
Q

The study of physical and chemical properties soils and its formation.

A

Pedology

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13
Q

5 Controls of Soil Formation

A

(PTCOT)
Parent Material - source of weathered mineral matter
Time - length of time that processes have been operating
Climate - Climatic elements
Organisms - Organisms present
Topography - variations in topography

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14
Q

Zones of soil with varying composition, texture and structure found at different depths.

A

Horizons

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15
Q

A vertical section of all the soil horizons.

A

Soil Profile

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16
Q

Washing out of fine soil components.

A

Eluviation

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17
Q

Depletion of soluble materials from upper horizons.

A

Leaching

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18
Q

Constitutes the O and A horizon

A

Topsoil

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19
Q

Consists largely of organic material.

A

O Horizon

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20
Q

The zone beneath the O Horizon that is largely mineral matter, with biological activity is high and humus generally present at up to 30 percent in some instances.

A

A Horizon

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21
Q

A light colored layer that contains little organic material.

A

E Horizon

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22
Q

Also known as the Zone of eluvation

A

E Horizon

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23
Q

The zone of accumulation where much of the material removed from the E Horizon by eluviation is deposited.

A

B Horizon

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24
Q

Also known as the Subsoil

A

B Horizon

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25
Q

Also known as the True Soil (what horizons are in it)

A

Solum (O,A,E and B)

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26
Q

The layer of partially altered parent material

A

C Horizon

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27
Q

The unweathered parent material

A

R Horizon

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28
Q

Explain the Soil Profile

A

kaya mo yan boss ikaw pa

29
Q

A system of soil classification based on the physical and chemical properties of the soil profile.

A

Soil Taxonomy

30
Q

12 Soil Orders and its Characteristics

A

(AAAEGHIMOSUV) or (HEAVASUMAGOI)
Alfisol - High nutrient
Andisol - Volcanic
Aridosol - Desert
Entisol - New
Gelisol - Permafrost
Histosol - Organic
Inceptisol - Young
Mollisol - Prairie
Oxisol - Tropical forest
Spodosol - Conifer forest
Ultisol - Low-nutrient
Vertisol - Swelling clay

31
Q

The physical breakdown (me) and the chemical alteration (decomposition) of rocks at or near Earth’s surface.

A

Weathering

32
Q

Explain the Difference between Mechanical and Chemical Weathering

A

Mechanical - physical breakdown
Chemical Weathering - chemical breakdown

33
Q

5 Types of Physical Weathering

A

(FISSB)
Frost Wedging
Salt crystal growth
Sheeting or Unloading
Biological actions
Intrusions

34
Q

The freeze-thaw action of water trapped within fractures of rocks that cause the expansion and contraction which would eventually disintegrate rocks.

A

Frost wedging

35
Q

How many % does frost wedging expands when turned into ice?

A

9%

36
Q

Frost wedging that expands horizontally

A

Frost Wedging

37
Q

Frost Wedging that expands vertically

A

Frost Heaving

38
Q

A mode of weathering near coastlines where salt from seawater accumulate and grow through cracks of rocks and fracture them while growing.

A

Salt crystal growth

39
Q

Rocks that are originally covered and are then exposed are relieved from pressure, causing an unloading action and expansion.

A

Sheeting or Unloading

40
Q

What texture does sheeting produce?

A

Onion Texture

41
Q

Organisms, such as plants, can burrow their roots through cracks which breaks down the rocks into
pieces.

A

Biological Actions

42
Q

The intrusions from beneath the surface induce pressure from below, fracturing the rock mass on the surface.

A

Intrusions

43
Q

3 Types of Chemical Weathering

A

Solution
Hydrolysis
Oxidation

44
Q

A solution mixture of reactive components specific to rocks.

A

Solution

45
Q

Chemical breakdown of minerals in rocks due to addition of water.

A

Hydrolysis

46
Q

Chemical breakdown of minerals in rocks due to exposure to oxygen.

A

Oxidation

47
Q

The removal of materials or sediments by mobile agents such as water, wind, ice or humans.

A

Erosion

48
Q

4 Transport Media

A

Air
Water
Ice
Gravity

49
Q

of the 4 Transport Media’s, which one is the strongest agent?

A

Ice

50
Q

of the 4 Transport Media’s, which one is the most effective agent?

A

Water

51
Q

2 Modes of Transport

A

Bedload and Suspended Load

52
Q

Sediments rolling along the surface of the bed.

A

Rolling (nagulong)

53
Q

A series of jumping movement of sediments.

A

Saltation (natalon)

54
Q

Sediments suspended in the transporting media.

A

Suspension (lumilipad)

55
Q

Glaciers grind against rock as they move, producing
fine particles under them known as what?

A

Rock Flour

56
Q

The volume of void space in a sedimentary rock

A

Porosity

57
Q

Porosity associated with the original depositional texture of the sediment.

A

Primary Porosity

58
Q

Porosity that developed after deposition and burial of
the sediment in the sedimentary basin.

A

Secondary Porosity

59
Q

The measure of how much water can move through pore spaces which also describes how water easily flows.

A

Permeability

60
Q

A property of curve being tortuous, or twisted, having many turns.

A

Tortuosity

61
Q

Occurs when transportation ceases and sediments accumulate on Earth’s surface by collective deposition processes.

A

Deposition

62
Q

Encompasses a suite of low temperature processes that affect sediments after their accumulation, typically after burial.

A

Diagenesis

63
Q

A process of lithification that results from the expulsion of intergranular fluids caused by increases in
confining pressure during progressively deeper burial.

A

Compaction

64
Q

A process of lithification that occurs when subsurface fluids precipitate minerals in the spaces between
grains that bind or cement grains to one another.

A

Cementation

65
Q

5 Major Cements in Sedimentary Rocks

A

Silica Minerals - quartz; occurs chiefly in the form of syntaxial quartz
Carbonate Minerals - sandstones and gravelstones;
Iron oxides and hydroxides - hematite, geothite and limonite
Feldspars - arkosic sandstones and gravelstones
Clay minerals - strongly controlled by temp and pH

66
Q

Most abundant carbonate mineral cement

A

Calcite

67
Q

Early, shallow diagenesis that occurs shortly after burial

A

Eodiaganesis

68
Q

Later, deeper diagenesis

A

Mesodiagenesis

69
Q

Still later, shallow diagenesis that occurs as sedimentary rocks approach the surface due to erosion.

A

Telodiagenesis

Petrology (16 decks)

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