voice

Question 1

partial submucous cleft palate

+ bifid uvula

Answer 1

hypernasality,
decreased intraoral pressure,
difficulties with adequate production of af/fricatives & plosives

Question 2

extrinsic laryngeal muscles: suprahyoids

Answer 2

(elevators) 
digastrics, 
geniohyoids, 
mylohyoids, 
stylohyoids, 
genioglossus, 
hyoglossus

Question 3

total lung capacity

Answer 3

total volume of air in the lungs

Question 4

tidal volume

Answer 4

amount of air inhaled & exhaled during a normal breathing cycle

Question 5

vital capacity

Answer 5

the volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal exhalation

Question 6

injection method

Answer 6

patient impounds air in the oral cavity,
pushes it back into esophagus,
& vibrates cricopharyngeus muscle

Question 7

vocal fold adduction strategies

Answer 7

would benefit a singer with recurrent laryngeal nerve damage

Question 8

Blom-Singer prosthetic device

Answer 8

Blom-Singer prosthetic device used by laryngectomees to
shunt air from the trachea to the esophagus
so patient can speak on that pulmonary air

Question 9

spasmodic dysphonia treatments

Answer 9

CO2 laser surgery,
recurrent laryngeal nerve resection,
botox,
voice therapy

Question 10

cover-body theory of phonation

Answer 10

the epithelium,
the superficial layer of the lamina propria,
& much of the intermediate layer of the lamina propria
vibrate as a cover on a relatively stationary body
which is made up of
the remainder of the intermediate layer,
the deep layer,
& the TA muscle

Question 11

frequency perturbation

Answer 11

measurements of jitter,

Question 12

amplitude perturbation

Answer 12

measurements of shimmer,
evaluates cycle-to-cycle variation of vocal intensity,
>1 dB of variation may cause dysphonic quality

Question 13

voice: key structures

Answer 13

thyroid cartilage, 
cricoid cartilage, 
arytenoid cartilages, 
corniculate & cuneiform cartilages, 
CN X (vagus)

Question 14

voice: key muscles

Answer 14

thyroarytenoids, 
cricothyroids, 
posterior cricoarytenoids, 
lateral cricoarytenoids, 
interarytenoids

Question 15

extrinsic laryngeal muscles: infrahyoids

Answer 15

(depressors) 
thyrohyoids, 
omohyoids, 
sternothyroids, 
sternohyoids

Question 16

lifespan changes

Answer 16

involve mean F0

& max phonation time

Question 17

sound spectrograph

Answer 17

useful for quantitative analysis of speech,

often used to obtain baseline measurements prior to phonosurgery

Question 18

resonance disorders

Answer 18

hypernasality,
hyponasality,
assimilative nasality,
cul-de-sac resonance

critical to rule out organic causes
(velopharyngeal inadequacy)

Question 19

pathological changes

Answer 19

carcinoma, 
vocal abuse, 
neurological, 
vf irritation 
(environmental agents)

Question 20

pathological treatment

Answer 20

medication,
surgery,
therapy

Question 21

loudness & pitch disorders

Answer 21

associated with functional or organic causes:
mutational falsetto,
hormonal changes,
hearing loss

Question 22

psychogenic disorders

Answer 22

normal laryngeal structures,
often treated with behavioral strategies,
may require psychotherapy or counseling

Question 23

hysterical or conversion aphonia

Answer 23

often attributed to underlying emotional etiology