Fluency

Question 1

Sheehan

Answer 1

stuttering indicates a social role conflict

Question 2

stuttering prevalence

Answer 2

familial incidence is higher than in general population,
sons of stuttering mothers run greater risk
than sons of stuttering fathers,
blood relatives of a stuttering woman run greater risk
than those of a stuttering man

Question 3

preschool stuttering

Answer 3

more likely on function words

Question 4

adaptation

Answer 4

progressive decrease upon repeated oral reading of a passage,
most of the reduction in stuttering occurs by the 5th reading

Question 5

Brutten & Shoemaker

Answer 5

limited to part-word repetitions & sound prolongations,
due to classically conditioned negative emotion,
some dysfluencies are operantly conditioned

Question 6

Bloodstein

Answer 6

advocated stuttering may be caused by
any belief that speech is a difficult task
resulting in tension & speech fragmentation

Question 7

Van Riper

Answer 7

developed the fluent stuttering treatment
aimed at reducing the abnormality of stuttering through
cancellations,
pull-outs,
preparatory sets

Question 8

fluency shaping technique

Answer 8

airflow management,
gentle phonatory onset,
reduced rate of speech,
shaping normal prosody

Question 9

cluttering

Answer 9

lack of anxiety or concern about speech,
use of spoonerisms,
rapid, disordered articulation
resulting in unintelligible speech,
possible high rate of dysfluencies
& disorganized thought & language

Question 10

cluttering treatment

Answer 10

similar to stuttering treatment,
reducing rate of speech,
increasing awareness of speech
through audio or video

Question 11

cerebral dominance theory

Answer 11

stuttering is caused by lack of unilateral dominant hemisphere

Question 12

establishing prevalence

Answer 12

head-count # of individuals

who currently have a particular disorder

Question 13

response cost

Answer 13

direct stuttering reduction method,

losing a tangible reinforcer after every instance of stuttering

Question 14

stutter-more-fluently approach

Answer 14

discuss feelings & attitudes toward situation, 
desensitizing, 
modify stuttering through use of 
cancellations & pull-outs 
(Van Riper)

Question 15

neurogenic stuttering assessment plan

Answer 15

evaluate medical records,
ensure neurological disease diagnosis,
assess that the pattern of communication justifies diagnosis

Question 16

neurogenic stuttering

Answer 16

minimum or no effects of DAF & adaptation,
may be transient or persistent,
assessed & treated in the context of the neurological disease
& associated with additional speech disorders

Question 17

3 main fluency disorders

Answer 17

stuttering,
cluttering,
neurogenic stuttering

Question 18

definition of stuttering

Answer 18

all types of dysfluencies that exceed a measure such as 5% of words spoken,
production of part-word repetitions & speech-sound prolongations,
moments or events judged to be stutterings,
anticipatory, apprehensive, hypertonic, avoidance reaction

Question 19

dysfluency forms

Answer 19

repetitions, 
prolongations, 
broken words, 
interjections, 
pauses, 
incomplete sentences, 
revisions

Question 20

early childhood stuttering

Answer 20

begins as an initial increase in amount of dysfluencies, 
development & varying extent of: 
associated motor behaviors, 
breathing abnormalities, 
negative emotions, 
avoidance behaviors

Question 21

stuttering incidence

Answer 21

1% in US general population,
5% lifetime expectancy,
more prevalent in men than women,
higher concordance rate for identical twin

Question 22

stimulus control

Answer 22

adaptation,
consistency,
adjacency,
audience size

Question 23

consistency

Answer 23

persistent stuttering on the same loci

Question 24

adjacency

Answer 24

new stuttering on loci adjacent to old stuttering

Question 25

stuttering hypotheses

Answer 25

none are fully supported by experimental evidence

Question 26

genetic hypotheses

Answer 26

single-gene and multiple-genes,

certain individuals may be predisposed

Question 27

neurophysiological hypotheses

Answer 27

abnormal laryngeal control,
abnormal cerebral language processing,
or aberrant neuromotor control of speech mechanism

Question 28

psychoanalytic hypotheses

Answer 28

deep-seated psychopathology

Question 29

conditioning & learning hypotheses

Answer 29

faulty learning & conditioning

Question 30

stuttering treatments

Answer 30

counseling & psychotherapy, 
fluent stuttering method of Van Riper, 
fluency shaping method, 
fluency reinforcement & time-outs
(pausing after every instance), 
response cost, 
delayed auditory feedback & masking noise