Fluency Flashcards
Sheehan
stuttering indicates a social role conflict
stuttering prevalence
familial incidence is higher than in general population,
sons of stuttering mothers run greater risk
than sons of stuttering fathers,
blood relatives of a stuttering woman run greater risk
than those of a stuttering man
preschool stuttering
more likely on function words
adaptation
progressive decrease upon repeated oral reading of a passage,
most of the reduction in stuttering occurs by the 5th reading
Brutten & Shoemaker
limited to part-word repetitions & sound prolongations,
due to classically conditioned negative emotion,
some dysfluencies are operantly conditioned
Bloodstein
advocated stuttering may be caused by
any belief that speech is a difficult task
resulting in tension & speech fragmentation
Van Riper
developed the fluent stuttering treatment
aimed at reducing the abnormality of stuttering through
cancellations,
pull-outs,
preparatory sets
fluency shaping technique
airflow management,
gentle phonatory onset,
reduced rate of speech,
shaping normal prosody
cluttering
lack of anxiety or concern about speech,
use of spoonerisms,
rapid, disordered articulation
resulting in unintelligible speech,
possible high rate of dysfluencies
& disorganized thought & language
cluttering treatment
similar to stuttering treatment,
reducing rate of speech,
increasing awareness of speech
through audio or video
cerebral dominance theory
stuttering is caused by lack of unilateral dominant hemisphere
establishing prevalence
head-count # of individuals
who currently have a particular disorder
response cost
direct stuttering reduction method,
losing a tangible reinforcer after every instance of stuttering
stutter-more-fluently approach
discuss feelings & attitudes toward situation, desensitizing, modify stuttering through use of cancellations & pull-outs (Van Riper)
neurogenic stuttering assessment plan
evaluate medical records,
ensure neurological disease diagnosis,
assess that the pattern of communication justifies diagnosis
neurogenic stuttering
minimum or no effects of DAF & adaptation,
may be transient or persistent,
assessed & treated in the context of the neurological disease
& associated with additional speech disorders
3 main fluency disorders
stuttering,
cluttering,
neurogenic stuttering
definition of stuttering
all types of dysfluencies that exceed a measure such as 5% of words spoken,
production of part-word repetitions & speech-sound prolongations,
moments or events judged to be stutterings,
anticipatory, apprehensive, hypertonic, avoidance reaction
dysfluency forms
repetitions, prolongations, broken words, interjections, pauses, incomplete sentences, revisions
early childhood stuttering
begins as an initial increase in amount of dysfluencies, development & varying extent of: associated motor behaviors, breathing abnormalities, negative emotions, avoidance behaviors
stuttering incidence
1% in US general population,
5% lifetime expectancy,
more prevalent in men than women,
higher concordance rate for identical twin
stimulus control
adaptation,
consistency,
adjacency,
audience size
consistency
persistent stuttering on the same loci
adjacency
new stuttering on loci adjacent to old stuttering
stuttering hypotheses
none are fully supported by experimental evidence
genetic hypotheses
single-gene and multiple-genes,
certain individuals may be predisposed
neurophysiological hypotheses
abnormal laryngeal control,
abnormal cerebral language processing,
or aberrant neuromotor control of speech mechanism
psychoanalytic hypotheses
deep-seated psychopathology
conditioning & learning hypotheses
faulty learning & conditioning
stuttering treatments
counseling & psychotherapy, fluent stuttering method of Van Riper, fluency shaping method, fluency reinforcement & time-outs (pausing after every instance), response cost, delayed auditory feedback & masking noise
