maggie praxis 3

Question 1

Reflexive vocalizations

Answer 1

0-1 months. Crying, coughs, hiccups, related to newborn’s physical state

Question 2

Cooing

Answer 2

2-3 mos. Sounds produced w/ a definite stop and start to oral movements. Back consonants and back and middle vowels w/ incomplete resonance

Question 3

Babbling

Answer 3

4-6 mos. Greater independent control of tongue; prolonged strings of sounds; more labial sounds; experiments with sound

Question 4

Canonical babbling

Answer 4

6-10 mos. Repetitive syllable production; increased lip control; labial and alveolar plosives /p, b, t, d/, nasals, and /j/ begin to emerge

Question 5

jargon/ 1st words

Answer 5

11-14 mos. Greater variation in the sequences of syllables, creating so-called diverse babbling (e.g. ma-moo-mee); elevates tongue tip; intonational patterns; consistent forms (sound-meaning relationships); predominance of /m, w, b, p/; first words emerge - consist primarily of CV, VC, CVCV reduplicated, and CVCV patterns

Question 6

Piagetian theory

Answer 6

cognitive developmental theory which describes “ages and stages” components that predicts what children can and cannot understand at different ages, and a theory of development that describes how children develop cognitive abilities

Question 7

Piaget’s stages

Answer 7

sensorimotor (birth-2yrs), preoperational (2-7 yrs), concrete operational (7-11 yrs), formal operational (11-18+ yrs)

Question 8

Information-processing theory

Answer 8

Humans process the information they receive, rather than merely responding to stimuli. This perspective equates the mind to a computer, which is responsible for analyzing information from the environment

Question 9

Social learning theory

Answer 9

States that people learn within a social context. It is facilitated through modeling and observational learning

Question 10

Nativist theories

Answer 10

Nature. Include Chomsky’s transformational grammar (or generative grammar and the theories of Jerry Fodor and Eric Lenneberg. These theories view the acquisition of language as being based more on inherent abilities or mechanisms than on environmental influences

Question 11

Behavioral theories

Answer 11

Nurture. Such as Skinner’s find language acquisition to be a form of operant conditioning in which linguistic behavior is shaped by the consequences of verbal responses.

Question 12

Empiricist theories

Answer 12

Recognizes the interaction between nature and nurture, but puts more emphasis on the role of learning, or nurture, and finds that the inherent, or nature, part is a general cognitive learning mechanism

Question 13

Emergentist theories

Answer 13

(e.g. MacWhinney’s Competition Model) Such theories claim that language acquisition is a cognitive process emerging from the interactions of biology and the environment.

Question 14

age 3

Answer 14

/p, m, h, w/ typically mastered

Question 15

age 4

Answer 15

/b, k, g, t, f, n/ and “ng” typically mastered

Question 16

age 5

Answer 16

/d/ typically mastered

Question 17

age 6

Answer 17

/l/ typically mastered

Question 18

age 7

Answer 18

/s, z, v/, “ch”, “sh”, “j”, voiceless “th”, and “zuh” typically mastered

Question 19

sounds mastered latest

Answer 19

/r/ sounds and voiced “th”

Question 20

Parents bring their 4-year-old daughter in for SLP evaluations. They are concerned about /r/ sound production and periods of stuttering for the last 18 months. SLP observes that child exhibits sound-syllable repetitions on 30 percent of words. Best action for SLP to take?

Answer 20

Provide stuttering intervention but no articulation intervention for /r/ at the
present time because /r/ typically isn’t mastered until after age 7

Question 21

Stage I- Brown’s grammatical morphemes

Answer 21

Age: 1.5 yrs
Morphemes: Present progressive -ing
Prepositions in & on
Plural -s
Irregular past tense verbs (e.g. I ran)

Question 22

Stage II- Brown’s grammatical morphemes

Answer 22

Age: 2 yrs
irregular past tense–>ran, sat
Morphemes: Possessive -‘s
Uncontractible copula be (e.g. He was sad).

Question 23

Stage III Brown’s grammatical morphemes

Answer 23

Age: 4 yrs
past tense: ed, poured
Articles a, the, an
Regular 3rd person singular -s (e.g. daddy drives fast).

Question 24

Stage IV Brown’s grammatical morphemes

Answer 24

Age: ?yrs
Irregular 3rd person singular (e.g. We did it).
Uncontractible auxiliary (e.g. Mommy was sleeping).
Contractible copula be (e.g. She’s funny. They are funny)
Contractible auxiliary (e.g. He’s eating. They are eating).
*auxiliaries (e.g. will, have, must, would)

Question 25

Operant conditioning

Answer 25

form of learning in which an individual’s behavior is modified by its consequences; the behavior may change in form, frequency, or strength

Question 26

Classical conditioning

Answer 26

form of learning in which one stimulus, the conditioned stimulus or CS, comes to signal the occurrence of a second stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus or US

Question 27

Waveform

Answer 27

graph of the amplitude of particle movement (vertical axis) as a function of time (horizontal axis)

Question 28

Source-filter theory

Answer 28

Energy from a sound source is modified by the resonating system (a filter) to yield the acoustic signal of speech. From vowels, the energy source is usually VF vibration and resonating system in vocal tract

Question 29

Harmonic

Answer 29

a whole-number multiple of a fundamental component. For human voice, fundamental component is fundamental frequency of vocal cord vibration (125 Hz for men and 225 Hz for women).

Question 30

Formant

Answer 30

vowels are associated w/ high-energy dark bands that run horizontally. These bands are resonances of the vocal tract called formants

Question 31

whispered speech

Answer 31

aperiodic

Question 32

T/F consonants have formants

Answer 32

False, because they are not periodic (i.e. they are aperodic)

Question 33

Spectrogram

Answer 33

a graphic or photographic representation of a spectrum. 3-D analysis printed on 2-D surface. Horizontal dimension = time; vertical dimension = frequency; darkness = intensity. Each vertical line on a spectrogram represents a vocal fold pulse (single vibration)vowels vary widely in direction

Question 34

Velopharyngeal insufficiency

Answer 34

VP insufficiency occurs due to an anatomical or structural defect. This is most commonly associated with cleft palate. The primary effects of the VP insufficiency are air-flow escape and hypernasality. Secondary effects are disorders in speech articulation (distortions, substitutions and omissions)

Question 35

Major factor underlying speech impairment in persons w/ cleft palate

Answer 35

Palatopharyngeal insufficiency

Question 36

Velopharyngeal incompetence

Answer 36

VP incompetence describes dysfunction of an anatomically intact VP mechanism as in patients with neuromuscular disorders. VP incompetence is traditionally managed by a palatal lift prosthesis.

Question 37

Palatal lift

Answer 37

Palatal lift appropriate when the VPI is caused by poor movement of the velum. The anterior, retaining portion clasps to the teeth and a posterior tailpiece pushes the soft palate up into position to obturate the nasopharynx

Question 38

Obturator

Answer 38

Obturator appropriate when the VPI is caused by a deficiency in the length of the soft palate to close the velopharyngeal port.

Question 39

Pharyngeal flap

Answer 39

raises a vertical flap of tissue from the posterior pharyngeal wall. The flap is pulled across the nasopharynx and sutured into the velum. This leaves two openings on either side of the flap that are closed during speech by the inward movement of the lateral pharyngeal walls

Question 40

Instruments used to assess velopharyngeal function

Answer 40

Flexible endoscopy, Videofluoroscopy Cephalometric radiography

Question 41

Tx approaches for remediation of speech resonance disorders

Answer 41

Surgery such as a pharyngeal flap or sphincter pharyngoplasty, may be recommended to correct moderate to severe velopharyngeal dysfunction. Speech therapy is a great tool for children who have speech errors and may be an effective treatment option for mild resonance disorders. The goal of therapy is to help a child learn to use his/her tongue, lips, and velopharyngeal valve correctly

Question 42

8-yr-old with repaired palatal cleft has received speech intervention for 2 years to reduce moderately severe hypernasality and nasal emission. Cognitive and linguistic skills are normal. Data supports that abnormal speech characteristics are result of inadequate velopharyngeal mechanism. There have been small improvements, but none in past 6 - 9 months. Which of following is most appropriate course of action for SLP to take at this point

Answer 42

Refer child to cleft palate tame for consideration of surgical or prosthetic management

Question 43

2 months after undergoing surgery to improve velopharyngeal function, a client continues to exhibit nasal airflow and articulatory compensations in production of pressure consonants. The SLP would most appropriately

Answer 43

provide speech treatment

Question 44

8-yr-old with moderately severe hypernasality has persistent nasal regurgitation following and adenoidectomy performed 6-months earlier. Child’s speech is likely to show greatest improvement

Answer 44

with pharyngeal flap surgery

Question 45

Substitutions most likely to occur in conjunction with hyponasality

Answer 45

/b/ for /m/