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Exam 1: DHHD 5002 > Vogel 1 > Flashcards

Vogel 1 Flashcards

1
Q

development of body form; requires cell movements, divisions, and shape changes

A

morphogenesis

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2
Q

the embryonic rudiment or primordium of a tissue or organ (plural = anlage; primordia) e.g. primordial mouth, _____ of the thyroid gland

A

anlagen

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3
Q

joining or fusion of an egg (ovum) and a sperm

A

fertilization

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4
Q

cell that results from union of sperm and egg (ovum) during fertilization

A

zygote

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5
Q

embryo + its associated membranes (the embryo becomes the baby, and the embryonic membranes are discarded after birth)

A

conceptus

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6
Q

extends from fertilization to end of 8th week; primordia (anlage) of all major organs are present by day 56

A

Embryonic Period

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7
Q

beginning of ninth week of development to birth; growth & differentiation of tissues and organs occur (growth of fetus from week 11 through full term shown below)

A

Fetal Period

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8
Q

abnormal development; development of congenital anomalies (Gr. teratos = monster)

A

Teratogenesis

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9
Q

any agent that can produce a congenital anomaly Examples: CMV, alcohol, thalidomide, methylmercury

A

Teratogen

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10
Q

The human embryo is most sensitive to teratogens from _________ of development (embryonic period). Teratogens may cause functional defects and minor congenital anomalies during the fetal period.

A

the third through the eighth week

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11
Q

Fertilization usually occurs in the _____ of uterine tube

A

ampulla

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12
Q

The diploid zygote nucleus duplicates its DNA to prepare for first mitotic (_____) division

A

cleavage

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13
Q

Rapid cleavage divisions of the zygote result in production of embryonic cells called ______.

A

blastomeres

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14
Q

When the embryo consists of 12-32 blastomeres, it is called a ______, which enters the uterus about 3-4 days after fertilization.

A

morula

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15
Q

By day 4-5, a _________ appears within the morula, and the embryo is now called a _______.

A
  • blastocystic cavity

- blastocyst

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16
Q

Two groups of cells can be distinguished in the blastocyst: outer cells form the ______, and inner cells form the ______ (inner cell mass).

A
  • trophoblast

- embryoblast

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17
Q

Layer of flattened cells, around entire periphery of blastocyst The trophoblast will form part of the placenta (nutrition function).

A

Trophoblast

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18
Q

Ball of cells (blastomeres) internal to trophoblast The embryoblast will form the embryo proper (i.e. the baby!).

A

Embryoblast

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19
Q

Zona pellucida degenerates day ____ (blastocyst “hatches”) ; now the trophoblast is exposed to uterine wall and can begin the implantation process

A

6 or 7

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20
Q

On day 7 after fertilization, the embryoblast also differentiates. A layer of cells adjacent to the blastocystic cavity splits off to form the ______.

A

hypoblast

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21
Q

The hypoblast (primary endoderm) has an important role in providing molecular signals for development of the _________ of the embryo, and contributes to ____ cells in the embryo.

A
  • cranial – caudal axis

- no

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22
Q

All of the cells in a newborn baby originate from the embryoblast, which will become a disc-like layer called the ______, during the second week of development.

A

epiblast

23
Q

The region where epiblast and hypoblast are in contact is called the _________ (week ____)

A
  • bilaminar embryonic disc

- 2

24
Q

The ________ is a thickened area of hypoblast.

A

prechordal plate

25
Q
  • indicates the future site of
    the mouth (i.e. you can now distinguish cranial and caudal ends)
  • produces molecular signals that instruct development of the head from the cranial end of the epiblast
  • as part of the hypoblast, will not contribute any cells that would be found in a newborn baby
A

Prechordal plate

26
Q

The _____ gives rise to the three germ layers (embryonic ectoderm, embryonic mesoderm, embryonic endoderm) that will form all the organs and tissues of the baby. _____ is a subset of the embryonic mesoderm.

A
  • epiblast

- Notochord

27
Q

During the third week of development, the _______ of the embryo are established.

A

three germ layers

28
Q

______ converts the bilaminar embryonic disc into a trilaminar embryonic disc. This is the beginning of morphogenesis (development of body form), and includes formation of the three germ layers and establishment of body axes.

A

Gastrulation

29
Q

The groove or indentation in the caudal midline of the epiblast is the _____; it first appears at the caudal end of the epiblast, and extends towards the cranial end

A

primitive streak

30
Q

At the bottom of the primitive streak is the ______, where some cells of the epiblast are actively migrating ventrally (_______).

A
  • primitive groove

- invagination

31
Q

Some epiblast cells will displace the hypoblast cells, and become _______.

A

embryonic endoderm

32
Q

Some epiblast cells do not invaginate at the primitive groove, and instead remain on the surface (facing the amniotic cavity); these cells are the _________.

A

embryonic ectoderm

33
Q

Other epiblast cells that invaginate at the primitive groove migrate between the embryonic ectoderm and embryonic endoderm; these cells are the ________.

A

embryonic mesoderm

34
Q

When gastrulation is complete, the embryo is a ________.

A

trilaminar disc

35
Q

The mesoderm cells that migrate towards the prechordal plate, through the cranial end of the primitive streak (called the primitive node) form a rodlike structure, called the _______, in the midline of the embryo.

A

notochord

36
Q

The cranial extension of the notochord is blocked by the prechordal plate. The prechordal plate marks the site of the _________, which indicates the future position of the mouth of the embryo.

A

oropharyngeal membrane

37
Q

At the caudal end of the embryo, you can

see the ________, which indicates the future position of the anus of the embryo.

A

cloacal membrane

38
Q

Notochord instructs overlying ectoderm to form an elongated _______.

A

neural plate

39
Q

Neural folds move towards midline and fuse to form a _______, which is the primordium of the CNS (brain and spinal cord).

A

neural tube

40
Q

A special population of neuroectodermal cells, the _______, undergoes an epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and separates from the neural folds and surface ectoderm.

A

neural crest

41
Q
  • neurons of the dorsal root ganglia
  • neurons of autonomic and enteric ganglia
  • Schwann cells and other support cells of peripheral nerves and ganglia
  • chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
  • melanocytes
A

In the trunk of the embryo, neural crest cells migrate along two different pathways, and give rise to…

42
Q 
• neurons and support cells of cranial
sensory and sympathetic ganglia
• Schwann cells of cranial nerves
• odontoblasts
• skeletal and connective tissue structures
A

In the head of the embryo, cranial neural crest cells give rise to…

43
Q

On either side of the notochord, _______ cells organize into paired cubes called _____.

A
  • paraxial mesodermal

- somites

44
Q

Somites give rise to the axial skeleton, skeletal muscles, and dermis of the skin:
• ______: vertebrae, ribs
• ______: skeletal muscle of trunk and limbs
• ______: dermis of skin

A
  • sclerotome
  • myotome
  • dermatome
45
Q

Lateral to the paraxial mesoderm is the _________, which gives rise to the kidneys and gonads.

A

intermediate mesoderm

46
Q

Lateral mesoderm splits into two layers:

A
  • somatic mesoderm

* splanchnic mesoderm

47
Q

The two layers of lateral mesoderm surround a space called the ________, which is the primordial body cavity.

A

intraembryonic coelom

48
Q

The primordial heart also develops from ______ – in particular from the cardiogenic area.

A

lateral mesoderm

49
Q

Future pharynx and esophagus develop from _______.

A

foregut endoderm

50
Q

At the caudal end of the embryo, endoderm folds into a _______.

A

hindgut

51
Q

The _____ is the terminal part of the hindgut that develops into the rectum and urinary bladder.

A

cloaca

52
Q

Right and left ______ are produced by growth of the somites and developing spinal cord.

A

lateral folds

53
Q

Primordia of the abdominal wall fold toward the midline, and the ______ forms from endoderm

A

midgut

Exam 1: DHHD 5002 (23 decks)

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