Reiter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cartilage type determined by composition of

_______ and ______.

A
  • matrix components

- fiber type

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2
Q

Cartilage is ______ (nutrients and waste via diffusion)

A

avascular

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3
Q

(in prichondrium) synthesize ECM

A

Chondroblasts

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4
Q

(in lacunae) synthesize and maintain ECM

A

Chondrocytes

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5
Q
glycoaminoglycans (polysaccharides)
and proteoglycans (glycosylated proteins)
A

Extracellualar matrix

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6
Q

Collagen and elastic describe types of _____.

A

Fibers

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7
Q
  • Most common
  • Articular surfaces of joints, trachea and bronchi, end of ribs and epiphyses of long bones
  • forms supporting structure for nose
A

Hyaline cartilage

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8
Q

several chondrocytes in one lacuna

A

Isogenous nests (IS)

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9
Q
  • Least common
  • External ear (auricle), external auditory canal, eustachian tube, epiglottis, cuneiform cartilage of larynx
  • Abundant elastic fibers (requires special stain)
  • Strong and highly flexible
A

Elastic cartilage

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10
Q
  • Combination of hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue; lacks typical perichondrium
  • Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis
A

Fibrocartilage

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11
Q

All cartilage growth occurs as a result of the synthesis of matrix by chondroblasts and chondrocytes. Chondroblasts cause _______. Chondrocytes cause _______.

A
  • appositional growth

- interstitial growth

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12
Q

Varieties of bones

A
  • Long bone (humerus)
  • Short bone (trapezoid)
  • Flat bone (sternum)
  • Irregular bone (vertebra)
  • Sesamoid bone (patella)
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13
Q

All the bones of the face and skull are

______.

A

flat bones

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14
Q

Flat bones, short bones, irregular bones
and sesamoid bones use the same process
of formation, called _______; long bones form by _______.

A
  • intramembranous formation

- endochondral formation

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15
Q

Haversian system (basic unit of compact bone)

A

Osteon

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16
Q

Calcified extracellular material

A

Bone matrix

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17
Q

Three cell types

A
  • Osteoblasts (osteoid formation)
  • Osteocytes (bone maintenance)
  • Osteoclasts (bone destruction)
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18
Q

Osteoblasts locate

in _______.

A

periosteum/endosteum

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19
Q

Osteocytes survive
in ______; communicate
via ______.

A
  • Lacunae

- canaliculi

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20
Q

______ is always between layers of dense bone and

never on the surface of bone

A

Spongy or cancellous bone

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21
Q

Spongy bone made up of _______; space between these is occupied by bone marrow.

A

spicules (trabeculae)

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22
Q

Bone is _____, unlike cartilage.

A

vascularized

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23
Q

Central canal = _______; perforating canal = _______

A
  • Haversian canal

- Volkmann’s canal

24
Q

from osteoprogenitor cells (form osteoid & collagen)

A

Osteoblasts

25
Q

from osteoblasts

A

Osteocytes

26
Q

from monocytic cells

A

Osteoclasts

27
Q

______ secrete osteoid which undergoes calcification (mineralization)

A

Osteoblasts

28
Q

dissolve bone

A

Osteoclasts

29
Q

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts located in __________.

A

periosteum and endosteum

30
Q

_______ lies between osteoblasts and bone matrix (calcified)

A

Osteoid (uncalcified)

31
Q

maintain boney matrix; death is followed by matrix resorption

A

Osteocytes

32
Q

______ have relatively little RER and small Golgi apparatus.

A

Osteocytes

33
Q

Space between ruffled border and bone is acidified by ______ in osteoclast cell membrane along with release of ______ leading to dissolution of bone

A
  • proton pump

- hydrolytic enzymes

34
Q
  1. _______ (with blood vessels)
  2. _______ (connects Haversian canals)
  3. _______ (in lacunae)
  4. _______ (projections from lacunae)
A
  1. Haversian canals
  2. Volkman’s canals
  3. Osteocytes
  4. Canaliculi
35
Q

_______ cover bone surfaces. In epiphyses of long bone, most bone is of ____ variety.

A
  • Periosteum or endosteum

- spongy

36
Q

________ are morphologically identical. Spicules (trabeculae)
of spongy bone have _____.

A
  • Periosteum and endosteum

- endosteum

37
Q
  • Cartilage model of bone forms first
  • At specific periods during embryogenesis, this cartilage is replaced by true bone
  • Most bones
  • Three ossification centers
A

Endochondral ossification

38
Q
  • Direct ossification of mesenchymal cells without an intermediate cartilaginous state
  • Superficial bones of face and skull
  • One or more ossification centers
A

Intramembranous bone formation

39
Q

______, (also known as fibrous bone) which is characterized by a haphazard organization of collagen fibers and is mechanically weak. ______, which has a regular parallel alignment of collagen into sheets (“lamellae”) and is mechanically strong.

A
  • Woven bone

- Lamellar bone

40
Q

_______ is non-lamellar bone; first bone formed and is usually replaced by lamellar bone

A

Woven bone

41
Q

The ______ calcifies but is dissolved; it is replaced by bone.

A

cartilage

42
Q

When ______ (growth plate) closes, vertical growth is complete (around age 20)

A

epiphyseal plate

43
Q

Cartilage covering articular surface is ______.

A

hyaline cartilage

44
Q

primary ossification center is in _______; secondary

ossification centers in ______

A
  • Diaphysis

- Epiphysis

45
Q

Zones of growth

A
  1. Zone of resting cartilage
  2. Zone of proliferating cartilage
  3. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
  4. Zone of calcified cartilage
46
Q

Zones of growth:

Anchors growth plate to bone

A

Zone of resting cartilage

47
Q

Zones of growth:

Rapid cell division (stacked coins)

A

Zone of proliferating cartilage

48
Q

Zones of growth:

Cells enlarged and remain in columns

A

Zone of hypertrophic cartilage

49
Q

Zones of growth:

  • Thin zone, cells mostly dead since matrix calcified
  • Osteoclasts removing matrix
  • Osteoblasts & capillaries move in to create bone over calcified cartilage
A

Zone of calcified cartilage

50
Q

Intramembranous Ossification produces _____ of skull and clavicle, including _____ and _____.

A
  • Flat bones

- Maxilla and mandible

51
Q

Spongy bone of flat bones called _____.

A

diploe

52
Q

Eventually ______ forms over spongy bone.

A

compact bone

53
Q

The alveolar process is

continually being ______ like all other bones.

A

remodeled

54
Q

Alveolar process is composed of ________.

A

both compact and spongy bone

55
Q

The mandible articulates with only one bone, the ______, at the condyle which is covered by _______.

A
  • temporal bone

- hyaline cartilage

56
Q

The articular disc is composed of _________.

A

dense fibrous connective tissue (collagen and fibroblasts)