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Exam 1: DHHD 5002 > Lodge 1 > Flashcards

Lodge 1 Flashcards

1
Q
  • INVOLUNTARY
  • Transmits information from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
  • Two neurons connect the central nervous system to organ (preganglionic and postganglionic neurons)
A

Autonomic nervous system

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2
Q
  • VOLUNTARY
  • Transmits information from the CNS to skeletal muscles
  • Controls both voluntary and reflex muscle movements
  • Only one neuron connects the central nervous system to muscle
A

Somatic nervous system

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3
Q

The ______ maintains the internal environment of the body (homeostasis)

A

autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

ANS regulates critical involuntary functions including…

A
  • respiration
  • circulation
  • GI
  • temperature
  • endocrine & exocrine glands
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5
Q

Two divisions of ANS

A
  • Parasympathetic system (rest and digest)

* Sympathetic system (fight or flight)

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6
Q

• Craniosacral
• Primary responsibility is conserving &
replenishing energy
• Active during rest or digestion hence “rest-and-digest”
• Works dynamically with the sympathetic system to maintain homeostasis

A

The Parasympathetic System

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7
Q
  • Thoracolumbar (T1-L2)
  • Primary responsibility is action
  • Active during vigorous exercise, excitement (stress), or emergencies “fight or flight”
A

The Sympathetic System

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8
Q

Autonomic innervation of sweat gland is _____ (origin T2-L2).

A

Sympathetic

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9
Q

Many (most) visceral organs are innervated by ____ ANS division(s).

A

both

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10
Q

Dual innervation can be ____ or _____.

A
  • Antagonistic

- Synergistic/co-operative

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11
Q

Some organs that receive ONLY sympathetic innervation:

A
  • Piloerector Muscles
  • Sweat Glands
  • Blood Vessels*
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12
Q

Examples of antogonistic innervation

A
  • The eye (radial fibers-sympathetic; circular fibers-parasympathetic)
  • The heart (parasympathetic decrease heart rate and force, sympathetic increase)
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13
Q

Examples of synergistic innervation

A
  • Reproductive system (parasympathetic-erection; sympathetic-ejaculation)
  • Salivation (parasympathetic-increase gland secretion; sympathetic-vasoconstriction=more viscous saliva)
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14
Q

Post-ganglionic neurons utilize different ______.

A

neurotransmitters

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15
Q

Neurons classified as either cholinergic (contain ______) or adrenergic (contain ______).

A
  • Acetylcholine

- Norepinephrine

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16
Q

Norepinephrine is released from _______ sympathetic neurons only.

A

Postganglionic

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17
Q

Catecholamine synthesis

A
  • Phenylalanine
  • Tyrosine
  • L-DOPA
  • Dopamine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Epinephrine
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18
Q

Catecholamine transmission activity dependent on release from vesicles, inactivation is caused by…

A
  • Re-uptake (most important)

- Enzymatic degradation

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19
Q

responses to adrenergic agonists is similar to sympathetic nervous system activation

A

Sympathomimetics

20
Q

Ways that andrenergic agonists act

A

– Direct receptor activation
– Promotion of NE release
– Inhibition of NE Reuptake
– Inhibition of NE Inactivation

21
Q

Does NE excite or inhibit organs?

A

It can do both depending on the receptor

22
Q

Receptors are all _____ and are divided into ______.

A
  • GPCRs (7-TM receptors)

- alpha and beta

23
Q

a1 and B1 receptors produce _____, white a2 and B2 produce ______.

A
  • Excitation

- Inhibition

24
Q
  • 7-TM receptor
  • GPCR (coupled to Gq)
  • Increases [Ca2+]i
  • Excitatory
A

a1 Adrenergic Receptors

25
Q

a1 Adrenergic Receptor localization

A

primarily in smooth muscle (blood vessels, eye, bladder, urinary tract, male sex organs, uterus,)

26
Q
  • Vasoconstriction of blood vessels
  • Contraction of the radial muscles of the eye (dilation of pupil) • Contraction of bladder
  • Increase tone in urinary tract
  • Contraction of uterus (pregnancy)
  • Male ejaculation
A

a1 Adrenergic Receptors functions

27
Q
  • 7-TM receptor
  • GPCR (coupled to Gi)
  • Decreases cAMP
  • Inhibitory
A

a2 Adrenergic Receptors

28
Q

a2 Adrenergic Receptors localization

A

primarily located on presynaptic nerve terminals (CNS and PNS)

29
Q
  • Inhibitory autoreceptor

* Regulate (decrease) neurotransmitter release

A

a2 Adrenergic Receptors functions

30
Q
  • 7-TM receptor
  • GPCR (coupled to Gs)
  • Increases cAMP
  • Excitatory
A

B1 Adrenergic Receptors

31
Q

B1 Adrenergic Receptors localization

A

primarily located in the heart

32
Q
  • 7-TM receptor
  • GPCR (coupled to Gs)
  • Increases cAMP
  • Inhibitory
A

B2 Adrenergic Receptors

33
Q

B2 Adrenergic Receptors localization

A

lungs, gastrointestinal tract, uterus, vascular smooth muscle (heart, lung and skeletal muscle), liver

34
Q
  • Lungs: bronchial dilation
  • GI tract: decreased motility
  • Uterus: relaxation of uterine smooth muscle
  • Blood vessels: Selective vasodilation (c.f. a1)
  • Liver: promotes glycogenlysis (glycogen –> glucose) and gluconeogenesis (generation of glucose)
A

B2 Adrenergic Receptors function

35
Q

Norepinephrine is devoid of ____ activity at low doses

A

B2

36
Q

Cardiovascular effects of epinephrine

A 
• ↑ heart rate & force (β1)
• ↓ TPR (β2) (although some α1
vasoconstriction)
• ↑ systolic due effects on heart
• ↓ diastolic due to vasodilation
37
Q

Cardiovascular effects of norepinephrine

A

•↑↑ TPR (α1)
(noβ2 vasodilation)
•↑ systolic & diastolic due to vasoconstriction
•Reflex ↓ in heart rate

38
Q
  • Drug of Choice (DOC) for anaphylactic reactions (reverses bronchoconstriction)
  • tx of asthma & COPD (bronchodilator b2)
  • tx of cardiac arrest (1/3 saved with EPI & 2/3 with DC countershock)
  • vasoconstrictor (a1) agent with local anesthetic drugs.
  • DOC for priapism – injected into the corpus cavernosa (vasoconstrictor a1)
A

Epinephrine (Adrenalin)

39
Q

Side effects of Epinephrine (Adrenalin)

A
  • Angina, arrhythmias (b1)
  • Hypertension -> cerebral hemorrhage (a1) - Pale skin (a1)
  • Acute renal failure (a1)
40
Q
  • tx asthma & COPD

- Potent bronchodilators

A

Albuterol – b2 agonist

41
Q

Side effects of Albuterol – b2 agonist

A
  • Mainly tremor

- Tachycardia etc (systemic not inhalation)

42
Q

a1 agonist mediated vasoconstriction in dentistry

A
  • Epi/NE are widely utilized as a potent vasoconstrictor agents
  • Selectivity provided by topical application
  • Epinephrine is often used to prolong the duration of anesthetic action
  • Epinephrine is also used in gingival retraction cords
43
Q

– Cardiac arrhythmia (any agent with b-activity)
– Angina (any agent with b-activity)
– Hypertension (a1)
– Cerebral hemorrhage (anything that increases BP) – Pulmonary Edema (increased DBP)

A

Cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics

44
Q

– Anxiety, Headache, hyperactivity, insomnia

A

CNS effects of sympathomimetics

45
Q

– Nausea, tremors (b2)

A

Other effects of sympathomimetics

Exam 1: DHHD 5002 (23 decks)

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