Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Exam 1: DHHD 5002 > Reiter 1 > Flashcards

Reiter 1 Flashcards

1
Q
  • Cerebral/cerebellar hemispheres
  • Brain stem
  • Spinal cord
A

CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  • Nerves

- Nerve ganglia - small aggregates of nerve cells

A

PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

________ carry motor information away from the cell body

A

Efferent nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

________ carry sensory information to the cell body

A

Afferent nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The Human Nervous System is not complex in terms of the number of cell types, but it is highly complex in terms of ________.

A

nerve/nerve and glia/nerve interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Glial cells outnumber neurons _____.

A

10:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Two major classes or cell types

A
  1. Neurons or nerve cells

2. Neuroglia or glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

• excitable or irritable
• transmit information to other
neurons, muscles or glands through synapses
• Requires a chemical messenger, e.g., norepinephrine, serotonin, etc.

A

Neurons or nerve cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

• support, protect and nourish neurons
• remove and/or degrade some
neurotransmitters

A

Neuroglia or glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Receives stimuli

A

dendrites or cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Processes information

A

cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Transmits to
other neurons or
glands

A

axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Afferent/sensory

A

Dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Efferent/motor

A

Axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sensory information must go to ____ before a response can be made

A

brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The nervous system detects stimuli from peripheral receptors, such as _______ and _____.

A
  • Special senses (eye, ear, taste, smell etc.)

* Somatic senses (touch, pain, temperature)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The nervous system transmits all stimuli generated by sensory tissues in the _______.

A

internal and external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The perikaryon or soma of the neuron is the _______ for the cell (almost everything the cell synthesizes is produced in soma).

A

Trophic center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

_______ receives stimuli from axons
of other cells (via axodentritic
and axosomatic synapses).

A

Perikaryon or Soma of Neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Perikaryon or Soma of Neuron contains ________ and _______.

A

– Nucleus with prominent nucleolus (ribosomal RNA)

– Cytoplasm with usual organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The ______ is highly metabolically active use abundant oxygen and glucose.

A

Nucleus of a neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q 
• Spherical
• Unusually large
• Prominent nucleolus • Chromatin is finely
dispersed reflecting
the intense synthetic
activity of these cells
(euchromatin predominates)
A

Nucleus of a neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Highly developed, clumps to form Nissl bodies (rough endoplasmic reticulum; protein synthesis)

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum of neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Accept transport vesicles on cis face and package as secretory vesicles
from trans face

A

Golgi apparatus of neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Synthesize ATP

A

Mitochondria of neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

– transport materials
– determine cell shape
– bundle together to form neurofibrils

A

Neurofilaments (cytoskeletal proteins) of neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Neurons have _____ axon(s) that transmit _______ information.

A
  • Only one

- efferent (motor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Axons originate from the
_______ found
on the perikaryon and vary in length. May _____ to provide the same signal to many cells/effectors

A
  • axon hillock

- branch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Axon potentials pass in ______ direction only.

A

Anterograde

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Primarily motor (efferent) nerve to muscles of facial expression

A

Facial Nerve (VII)

31
Q

Most neurons have _____ dendrites.

A

Many

32
Q

Dendrites are short and divide like tree branches (arborization); as they divide they become thinner; they transmit ______ information

A

sensory (afferent)

33
Q

Dendrites are covered with _______, which represent areas for synapses.

A

dendritic spines (boutons)

34
Q

Primarily
sensory (afferent)
nerve from receptors on face and
tooth pulp

A

Trigeminal nerve (V)

35
Q

releases synaptic vesicles of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

A

Presynaptic membrane

36
Q

a region of extracellular

space between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

A

Synaptic cleft

37
Q

receptors for the released neurotransmitter bind the neurotransmitter.

A

Postsynaptic membrane

38
Q

neurotransmitter synthesis and release - exocytosis

A

Pre-synaptic terminal

39
Q

metabolism and diffusion

of released neurotransmitter

A

Synaptic cleft

40
Q

binding of neurotransmitter to receptor and depolarization or hyperpolarization of cell membrane

A

Post-synaptic neuron (or cell)

41
Q

Neurotransmitters can be

______ or _______. Neurotransmitters are monoamines, amino acids or small peptides.

A

excitatory of inhibitory

42
Q

Microfilaments and microtubules - identical to those found in many other cells except these may be exceptionally long

A

Neuronal cell processes (dentrites and axons)

43
Q

_____ and _____ “motors” are used to move molecules and some organelles up and down the nerve ending

A

microtubule and neurofilament

44
Q

moves cargo retrograde (toward soma for disposal).

A

Dynein

45
Q

moves cargo anterograde (away from soma)

A

Kinesin

46
Q

_____ are transferred from the soma to the ends of axons

A

mitochondria

47
Q

Some viruses (Herpes) may be transported _______ in peripheral nerves

A

both retrograde and anterograde

48
Q

Neuron classification: All motor neurons, interneurons and many sensory neurons

A

Multipolar neuron

49
Q

Neuron classification: Common in special senses

A

Bipolar neuron

50
Q

Neuron classification: Specialized locations

A

Unipolar neuron

51
Q

Neuron classification: Uncommon

A

Anaxonic neuron

52
Q 
– very long processes
– large motor cells 
• pyramidal cells
• Purkinje cells
• alpha motor neurons
A

Golgi type I cells

53
Q

– very short processes

• Granule cells of cerebellum

A

Golgi type II cells

54
Q

The size of the cell body is proportional to _______.

A

length of axon

55
Q

______ neurons - control muscle, exocrine and endocrine glands

A

Motor (efferent)

56
Q

______ neurons - receive environmental stimuli. Can be specialized, e.g., light, temperature, sound, stretch.

A

Sensory (afferent)

57
Q

______ often connect a motor neuron with a sensory neuron.

A

Interneuron

58
Q

the connective tissue of the nervous system

A

Glial cells

59
Q

• Form a structural framework
• Separate neurons to prevent “crosstalk”
• Control chemical environment
–Remove ions
–Remove neurotransmitters and debris
• Nourish & protect neurons
• Undergo cell division (unlike most neurons)

A

Glial cells

60
Q

_____ myelinates 1 segment of an axon in the PNS.

A

Schwann cell

61
Q

Peripheral nerves appear white because of _______.

A

myelination

62
Q

________ myelinates many neurons within the CNS simultaneously
(forms the white matter).

A

Oligodendrocyte

63
Q

_______ the number of wraps of myelin increases the speed of conduction.

A

Increasing

64
Q

most myelin – fastest –

used for reflexes

A

Aalpha

65
Q

less myelin- slower – used for transmission of sensory information

A

Abeta fibers

66
Q

even less myelin – bright pain (acute, intense pain)

A

Adelta fibers

67
Q

no myelin – slow pain – chronic aching pain (toothache).

A

C fibers

68
Q

myelinated sheath is not continuous but is interrupted at 1 mm intervals called _____.

A

Nodes of Ranvier

69
Q

Myelin formation in
CNS = ________
PNS = ________

A
  • oligodendroglia

- Schwann cells

70
Q

Myelin is rich in _______.

A

polyunsaturated fatty acids

71
Q

• Schwann cells (in PNS) and oliogodendroglia (in CNS) wrap around axons (between two nodes
of Ranvier)
• Wrap axon many times to form multiple layers

A

“Jelly Role” Hypothesis of Myelination

72
Q
  • Foot processes envelop blood vessels – These contribute to the blood- brain barrier (this determines selective permeability)
  • When damage occurs to brain, they may form a “glial scar”, that may predispose to epilepsy
A

Astrocytes

73
Q
  • Mesodermal origin. Thus , they are not true glial cells.
  • Macrophage-type cells that phagocytose debris
  • Activated microglia may be neurotoxic, e.g. in ALS
  • Some evidence that they can surround neurons and destroy synapses in autism.
A

Microglia

74
Q

Microglia are wandering cells that “________.”

A

Take out the trash

Exam 1: DHHD 5002 (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions