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Exam 1: DHHD 5002 > Padalecki 1 > Flashcards

Padalecki 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The vertebral column is composed of ___ vertebrae divided into ___ groups based upon their location.

A
  • 33

- 5

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2
Q

5 vertebral groups

A
  1. 7 cervical vertebrae 2. 12 thoracic vertebrae 3. 5 lumbar vertebrae
  2. 5 sacral vertebrae
  3. 4 coccygeal vertebrae
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3
Q

The weight bearing part

A

Body

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4
Q

The protective part

A

Vertebral arch

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5
Q

The vertebral arch is composed of _____, which are the part of the arch which connects the transverse process and the lamina to the vertebral body and _____, which are the dorsal part of arch connected to pedicles.

A
  • Pedicles (2)

- Laminae (2)

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6
Q

Of the 7 processes, the ______ are a bony part of synovial joint; contains 2 superior and 2 inferior facets for articulations with other vertebrae.

A

Articular processes (4)

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7
Q

Of the 7 processes, the _____ are the lateral processes originating from the junction between the pedicle and the lamina.

A

Transverse processes (2)

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8
Q

Of the 7 processes, the ______ are a vertebral part that projects dorsally from the arch where the 2 laminae join; gives attachment for muscles and ligaments.

A

Spinous process (1)

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9
Q

the opening in one vertebrae bounded by the body, the pedicles, and the laminae.

A

Vertebral foramen

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10
Q

The spinal canal formed by the successive vertebral foramina. This canal forms a continuous channel which contains the spinal cord, nerve roots, spinal nerves, meninges, and vessels.

A

Vertebral canal

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11
Q

The two notches are the _____, a small notch above the pedicle, and the _____ small notch below the pedicle. These form the _____.

A

-Superior vertebral notch
-Inferior vertebral notch
-Intervertebral
foramen

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12
Q

An opening formed by superior and inferior vertebral notches of adjacent vertebrae; the dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves lie in the intervertebral foramina, and it is in this area that the dorsal and ventral roots join.

A

Intervertebral foramen

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13
Q

Foramina in the cervical transverse processes of the first 6 cervical vertebrae; often present in C7. The foramina contain the vertebral arteries and veins.

A

Transverse foramina

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14
Q

Most cervical vertebrae have ______ (except #1 and #7)

A

Bifid spines

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15
Q

1) Lacks a body and a spinous process

2) Contains an anterior arch and anterior tubercle, a posterior arch and posterior tubercle, and a lateral mass

A

C1 (atlas) - first cervical vertebra

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16
Q

1) Dens (odontoid process) – on anterior part; projects into vertebral foramen of the atlas
2) Atlantoaxial joint – joint between the atlas and the axis’ dens

A

C2 (axis) – second cervical vertebra

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17
Q

C7 – ______: contains a long spinous process and often has transverse foramina

A

vertebra prominens

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18
Q

The thoracic vertebrae contain 6 _______ (2 superior, 2 inferior, and two transverse) – location for articulation with ribs; located on the body and on the transverse process

A

costal facets

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19
Q

The thoracic vertebrae contain long, slender spinous process - no costal facets, but they do have _______.

A

articular processes

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20
Q

Anterior and superior part of the body of S1

A

Sacral promontory

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21
Q

Aperture present where S5 lamina and spinous process are absent; leads into the sacral canal and is the inferior opening of the vertebral canal.

A

Sacral hiatus

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22
Q

Sacral articulations

A

1) Lumbosacral

2) Sacroiliac

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23
Q

a. Known as the tailbone

b. Usually consists of 4 vertebrae

A

The 4 coccygeal vertebrae or coccyx

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24
Q

A defect allowing part of a vertebral arch to be separate from its body

A

Spondylolysis

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25
Q

A defect of the vertebral arch resulting from the failure of fusion of the halves of the arch; usually occurs in L5 and/or S1

A

Spina bifida

26
Q

From an A/P view, the thoracic, sacral and coccygeal curves are _____. These are known as primary curves.

A

Anteriorly concave

27
Q

From an A/P view, the cervical and lumbar curves are ______. These are known as secondary curves. The cervical curve allows the infant to hold its head erect. The lumbar curve assists the infant in upright posture and walking

A

Anteriorly convex

28
Q

Exaggerated thoracic curvature (“over concaved” in the thoracic vertebrae), sometimes referred to as “humpback” or “hunchback”

A

Kyphosis

29
Q

Exaggerated lumbar curvature (“over convexed” in the lumbar vertebrae), usually due to the anterior rotation of the pelvis; sometimes referred to as “swayback”.

A

Lordosis

30
Q

Abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebrae; often described as a “crooked” back.

A

Scoliosis

31
Q

Ligaments associated with the vertebral column

A
  1. Supraspinous
  2. Interspinous
  3. Ligamentum Flavum
32
Q

A thin, continuous ligament that attaches to the tip of each spinous process from the sacrum to C7. From C7 to the skull, the ligamentum nuchae is the name of the somewhat more prominent ligament that connects the tips of the spinous processes of cervical vertebrae.

A

Supraspinous

33
Q

Unite adjacent spinous processes in an oblique direction

A

Interspinous

34
Q

Connect laminae of adjacent vertebrae

A

Ligamentum Flavum

35
Q

Junction or union between bones.

A

A joint (or articulation)

36
Q

2 types of joints

A
  1. Cartilaginous

2. Synovial

37
Q

________ associated with the vertebral column are known as intervertebral joints. These joints are of the subtype known as symphysis, and have the following characteristics:

a. between adjacent vertebral bodies.
b. united to fibrocartilage (intervertebral disc).
c. slightly moveable.
d. An intervertebral disc (fibrocartilage) is located between most vertebral bodies. It contains 2 parts.

A

Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) joints

38
Q

2 parts of the intervertebral disc (fibrocartilage)

A
  1. Anulus fibrosus

2. Nucleus pulposus

39
Q

the outer fibrous part composed of fibrocartilage arranged in concentric lamellae; attached to rims of vertebral bodies.

A

Anulus fibrosus

40
Q

a gelatinous central mass that composes the “core” of the disc. Because of dehydration and degeneration in the nucleus pulposus associated with aging, there is a slight loss in height as we obtain old age. It is the remnant of the notochord.

A

Nucleus pulposus

41
Q

Synovial (diarthrosis) joints associated with the vertebral column

A
  1. Costotransverse
  2. Costovertebral
  3. Zygapophyseal joints (facet joints)
42
Q

Articulations between the articular processes of the vertebral arches.

1) These are synovial joints which are located between superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae.
2) These joints allow for gliding movements between the vertebrae

A

Zygapophyseal joints (facet joints)

43
Q

The spinal cord is continuous with the medulla oblongata; superiorly, it begins at the _______.

A

foramen magnum

44
Q

The spinal cord’s tapered, inferior (terminal) end is known as the _______, and it is located inferior to the exit of the coccygeal nerve rootlets from the spinal cord. It occurs at the intervertebral disc between L1 and L2; however, it can vary in its ending from T12 to L3.

A

medullary cone (conus medullaris)

45
Q

Why is there a difference between vertebral levels and spinal cord levels?

A

During fetal growth, the spinal cord and vertebrae do not grow at the same rate; the vertebral column grows faster, leaving the spinal cord shorter than the vertebral column. Because of this discrepancy, the length of the nerve roots increases inferiorly; thus, the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerve roots are longer than the cervical and thoracic nerve roots.

46
Q

from C4 to T1 segments of the spinal cord; nerve fibers originating from this enlargement supply the upper extremities.

A

Cervical Enlargement

47
Q

from L1-S4 segments of the spinal cord; nerve fibers originating from this enlargement supply the lower extremities.

A

Lumbosacral Enlargement

48
Q

a. A collection of dorsal and ventral roots of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves that travel through the subarachnoid space. They will eventually exit their respective intervertebral foramina.
b. Location: below the level of the conus medullaris and within the subarachnoid space (in CSF).

A

Cauda equina

49
Q

a. dorsal median sulcus and septum
b. _______ – where dorsal nerve rootlets are connected to spinal
cord
c. _______ – where ventral nerve rootlets are connected to the spinal cord
d. _______ – anterior spinal artery is distributed inferiorly in this fissure

A

b. dorsolateral sulci
c. ventrolateral sulci
d. ventral median fissure

50
Q

(1) Origin – formed from branches of the vertebral arteries

(2) Distribution – distributed inferiorly in the ventral median fissure

A

Anterior spinal artery (generally, there is one artery)

51
Q

(1) Origin – formed from branches of the vertebral arteries

(2) Distribution – lies dorsal to the dorsal roots of the spinal nerves

A

Posterior spinal arteries (generally, there are 2 arteries)

52
Q

These are arterial branches which enter along the anterior and posterior nerve roots, and supply these roots, the anterior and posterior spinal arteries, and the spinal cord with blood. These arteries originate from the spinal branches of arteries associated with specific areas of the spinal cord.

A

Radicular arteries

53
Q

a. Similar to the arterial distribution.
b. Usual pattern: 3 anterior spinal veins and 3 posterior spinal veins
c. Spinal veins drain into radicular veins.

A

Venous Supply

54
Q

3 membranes which surround the C.N.S. and the proximal portion P.N.S.

A

Meninges

55
Q

Name the three meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater

56
Q

a. outermost meninge
b. separated from the bone surrounding the vertebral foramina by the epidural space (This space contains fat and the internal vertebral venous plexus, and superiorly it ends in the vicinity of the foramen magnum).
c. Dural sac
1) It is a sheath of dura within the vertebral canal.
2) Spinal nerves pierce the dural sac.
3) The dural sac ends at S2. It is then anchored by the * filum of the dura mater to the coccyx.
d. Spinal dura is present in the intervertebral foramina and along the nerve roots distal to the dorsal root ganglia. It ends by blending distally to the spinal nerve’s epineurium (the connective tissue that covers a peripheral nerve).

A

Dura mater

57
Q

a. Internally, it lines the dural sac and the sleeves of the dural roots.
b. It is separated from the dura mater by the subdural space.
c. It is separated from the inner most meninge (pia mater) by the subarachnoid space (This space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid [CSF]).
d. Inferiorly, the arachnoid layer ends at vertebral level S2 (at the end of the dural sac).
e. The subarachnoid space from L2-S2 is known as the lumbar cistern. It contains the cauda equina, CSF, and it is the usual location for a lumbar puncture.

A

Arachnoid

58
Q

a. It is the innermost meninge; it ends when the spinal cord ends between
L1 and L2; (an extension of it is “e.” in the notes below)
b. It extends laterally over the spinal nerve rootlets and roots.
c. On the spinal cord, the pia mater covers the spinal blood vessels.
d. Denticulate ligaments - lateral extensions of pia mater between the spinal nerve roots; these extensions are between the spinal cord and the dural sac, and help to suspend and stabilize the spinal cord.
e. * Filum terminale – an extension of pia mater from the spinal cord’s conus medullaris to the coccyx.

A

Pia mater

59
Q

Filum terminale of pia mater blends with filum of dura mater to form the ______.

A

coccygeal ligament

60
Q

the articulation between the rib tubercle and the transverse process of corresponding vertebrae.

A

Costotransverse

61
Q

the articulation between the head of the rib and the costal facets of the vertebral bodies.

A

Costovertebral

Exam 1: DHHD 5002 (23 decks)

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