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WSET Diploma Study > Viticulture > Flashcards

Viticulture Flashcards

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1
Q

What 3 factors can affect sunlight?

A

Latitude - Day length greater further from Equator

Seas, Lakes and Rivers - Near large bodies of water more cloud cover, Centre of landmasses tend to be sunnier

Aspect - A slopes aspect affect the amount of sunlight, steeper slopes = more benefit

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the California Heat Summation index?

How does this index work?

A

To classify vine-growing areas by temperature and thereby reccomend appropriate grape varieties for cultivation.

  • Divides climates into five Regions based on the number of degree days.
  • Degree days are calculated by multiplying the days in each month of the growing season (defined as April 1 through October 31) by the mean number of degrees over 50°F for that month.
  • The months’ totals are then added together to arrive at the heat summation:
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3
Q

How does Phylloxera kill vulnerable vines?

How did Phylloxera first reach Europe?

A
  • It feeds on the roots of the vine allowing infections to set in meaning, over the course of a few years, the vine dies.
  • The louse came over on American vine cuttings that were imported to the Southern Rhone Valley in the 1860s.
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4
Q

The Picture Below is an example of what type of training?

A

Head Training

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5
Q

At what age are most vines replacedWhat are the pros / cons of ‘old vines’

A

Most replaced between 30~50 Years

Old vines produce higher quality fruit (more concentrated flavour) partly due to lower yield per vine.

Lower yield might not be cost efficient andolder vines more susceptible to disease

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6
Q

What climate type is this?

High Continentality, low rainfall and a very sunny growing season

A

Continental

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7
Q

Name 3 diseases that threaten vines and how they are controlled

A

Powdery and Downy mildew - Likes warm, humid environments. If affected grapes lose fruity flavour.

Powdery treated with sulfur based spray. Downy treated with Bordeaux mixture copper based spray. Can also be managed by canopy management to max air flow * More spraying in Maritime climates where there is more rainfall.

Black rot (Guignardia bidwelli) - The disease originates as a black spot on the vine’s shoots, leaves, and berries. Yield reductions can be disastrous if unchecked; it can be controlled through fungicide sprays.

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8
Q

New grape varieties can be created through cross pollination. What is ‘cross pollination’?

A

The pollen from the male part of the flower of one vine is transferred to the female part of the flower on another vine and fertilisation occurs.

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9
Q

Name the 2 most common training techniques for vines

A

Head training - Little permanent wood (some only trunk), then shoots are trained

Cordon training - Trunk plus one or more permanent horizontal arms (cordons). Takes longer to establish but makes mechanisation easier

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10
Q

What climate type is this?

Low to medium Contintality, low to medium rainfall mainly in Winter and a sunny growing season

A

Mediterranean

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11
Q

Identify 2 examples of Mediterranean Climate for the following temperatures:

Moderate

Warm

Hot

A

Mod -> Chianti, Carneros
Warm ->Chateauneuf, Napa Valley
Hot -> Murray-Darling, Calabria

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12
Q

Which soil type has the largest warming effect?

A

Gravel

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13
Q

Which of the following inputs to a vine will vary least from season to season?

CO2

Heat

Sunlight

Nutrients

A

CO2

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14
Q

Identify 3 methods of controlling the yield of grapevines:

A

Green harvest
Winter pruning
Irrigation

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15
Q

In which regions has Phylloxera not reached?

Why?

A

Chile, some parts of Argentina and South Australia.

Some parts of Lisboa, Portugal, due to sandy soils.

Some volcanic islands, such as Santorini.

It hasn’t reached due to strict quarantine procedures and inhospitable climate.

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16
Q

Why is vine bud management important?

What happens if there are too few / too many buds?

A

The vine stores Carbohydrates over Winter.

If too few buds each will have access to too much energy and will grow too vigorously.

If too many buds, each will not have access to enough energy and the vine will struggle to ripen its crop load.

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17
Q

What are 3 agricultural practices that reduce intense chemical usage?

A

Sustainable agriculture - Chemicals permitted but minimised by growers understanding life cycles of pests and introducing predators of the pests. Monitor weather to prevent pest or disease before it occurs.

Organic agriculture - Small doses of traditional treatments permitted only.

Biodynamic agriculture - Organic practices + philosophy and cosmology. Cycles of planets, moon and stars plus homeopathic treatments.

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18
Q

Put the growth cycle in order

Veraison, Budburst, Flowering, Fruit set, Ripening

Budburst, Flowering, Fruit set, Veraison, Ripening

Budburst, Flowering, Veraison, Fruit set, Ripening

Budburst, Veraison, Flowering, Fruit set, Ripening

A

Budburst, Flowering, Fruit set, Veraison, Ripening

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19
Q

How can VSP (Vertical Shoot Positioning) be used in hot, sunny climates and why would a grower choose to use this system?

A

The method is adapted so the tops of the shoots are not tied but allowed to flop over creating some shade in the canopy to protect fruit.

A grower would choose this system to enable mechanical harvesting.

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20
Q

Frost flows in a similar way to

Ice
Water
Steam

A

Water

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21
Q

Describe the annual cycle of vine

Spring

Late Spring / Early Summer

As Summer progresses

Late Summer / Early Autumn

Later in Autumn

A

Spring - Budburst, new shoots begin to grow

Late Spring - The vine flowers and small grapes form

Summer - Grapes grow but still hard in texture, high acid/low sugar

Late Summer/Early Autumn - Grapes ripen, sugar rises, acidity drops and flavours develop. Marked by grape colour change; véraison

Later in Autumn - Grapes harvested

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22
Q

What is the difference between Climate and Weather?

A

Climate - Annual weather pattern over several years

Weather - Variation in a specific year

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23
Q

In hills and mountains, as the altitude increases what happens to temperature?

A

It decreases

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24
Q

What are the vineyards 4 natural resources?

A

Temperature, Sunlight, Water, Soil nutrients

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25
Q

Pinot Noir, as a grape variety, is known to randomly change. For example, in the past it has suddenly produced a grey version and was renamed Pinot Gris, a white grape version has appeared and is called Pinot Blanc.

All 3 grapes are related to each other and can be considered what?

A

Mutations

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26
Q

What is a Cordon?

A

The arms of a vine made up of 2+ year old wood.

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27
Q

What are the 4 main techniques to manage a vine?

A

Training, pruning, trellising and planting density

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28
Q

What are day / night temperature changes known as?

A

Diurnal

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29
Q

What 3 things should a grower consider when selecting a site for a new vineyard?

A

Environmental - Temp, rainfall, sunlight, soil fertility and drainage. Factors that affect grape selection, planting density and trellising etc.

Business - Proximity to power and water, avail of labour, accessibility for machinery and cost of land.

Grape variety - Must suit climate and meet demand. In EU might be legal restrictions on types used.

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30
Q

What are the 3 main techniques for irrigation?

A

Drip - Computer controlled dripper for each vine - Expensive

Sprinklers - Also used for frost protection. Waste water and can create damp conditions promoting disease - Cheaper than Drip

Flood Irrigation - Cheapest where water is freely available. Only used on flat or gently sloping vineyards

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31
Q

Briefly explain the effect of

Latitude

Altitude

Ocean Currents

Fog

Soil

Aspect on vine development and grape growing.

A

Latitude -Usually between 30~50 degrees N and S of the Equator

Altitude - As altitude increases temp drops allowing growth closer to Equator

Ocean Currents - Deliver localised warming/cooling in certain regions

Fog - Can cool an otherwise unsuitable growing area e.g. California, Casablanca Valley, Chile

Soil - Dark soils radiate more heat than lighter. High water retaining soils take longer to warm up

Aspect - Direction slope faces, facing Equator get most heat. Steeper slopes accentuate effect.

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32
Q

What 5 things does a vine need to survive

A

Heat, Sunlight, Water, Nutrients, Carbon Dioxide

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33
Q

Name 4 vineyards pests and how to control them

A

Phylloxera- Use resistant rootstock

Nematodes (microscopic worms) - Use resistant rootstock and sanitise soil before re-planting.

Birds and mammals - Birds - Netting / Mammals - Fencing

Insects - Insecticides or Integrated pest management

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34
Q

What is an Inflorescence?

A

The complete flower head of a plant including stems, stalks, bracts, and flowers

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35
Q

Planting seeds doesn’t work in viticulture, what are the two ways to grow more vines?

A

a. A cutting (a section of vine shoot is planted and grows)
b. Layering (a section of vine is buried and, in time, takes root)

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36
Q

In regards to temperature, how do Light-colored, Wet and Rocky soils play a part?

A
  • Light coloured soils e.g. Chalk, reflect the suns energy and don’t radiate heat into the vineyard.
  • Wet soils, e.g. clay, take longer to warm up and tend to cool the vine
  • Rocky soils, e.g. gravel, tend to absorb and radiate heat warming the vineyard.
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37
Q

A Spur is what?

A

1 year old wood pruned often with 2~3 buds and is quite short.

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38
Q

How is American rootstock resistant to Phylloxera?

A

They clog the insects mouth with sticky sap and form a protective layer behind the feeding wound to prevent secondary infections

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39
Q

What 3 main reasons can influence planting density?

A
  • Limited water: Low density allows vines to take limited water without competing against the roots of neighbouring vines.
  • Low levels of nutrients and sufficient rainfall: Risk is vigorous vegetative growth rather than fruit. High density planting provides competition for resources to limit vegetative growth. Bud management is also important. High density and strict bud control common in Europe.
  • High nutrients and sufficient rainfall: High density planting not enough so, instead, low density with vines with multiple cordons or canes.
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40
Q

What is ‘Coulure’ also known as?

What is it?

What is it caused by and how does it affect vines?

A

AKA “Uneven Set”

Occurs when a significant number of berries do not set after flowering.

Caused by cold weather during flowering or mineral deficiency. Results in reduced yields.

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41
Q

When plants are photosynthesising which of the following equations is correct?

02 + Sunlight + Chlorophyll => Sugars + CO2

C02 + Sunlight + Chlorophyll => Sugars + O2

02 + Heat + Chlorophyll => Sugars + O2

C02 + Sunlight + Veraison => Sugars + O2

A

C02 + Sunlight + Chlorophyll => Sugars + O2

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42
Q

Which part of the grapes does not contain tannins

Stems
Bloom
Seeds
Skin

A

Bloom

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43
Q

Name and briefly explain the two common methods of grafting

A

Bench Grafting - Automated process, both parts joined by machine and stored in warm environment to encourage both parts to fuse together

Head Grafting - Vine is cut back to its trunk and a bud or cutting of the new variety is grafted on to the trunk

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44
Q

What are the four parts of a vine?

A

Green parts of the vine

One year wood

Permanent wood

The roots

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45
Q

What are the four main forms of frost protection?

A

Heaters

Wind Machines

Sprinklers

Vineyard design - slopes are less at risk

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46
Q

Describe Continental climate

A

High Continentality, low rainfall and a very sunny growing season

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47
Q

American vines are rarely used to make wines, what is their main use?

A

Providing Phylloxera resistant rootstock for Eurasian species to be grafted onto.

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48
Q

What are Tendrils?

A

The structure the vine uses to support itself by winding themselves tightly around trellis wires to keep the shoot upright

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49
Q

Which statement is NOT true about Permanent Wood?

It is at least 2 years old

It has bark

Cordon is an example of permanent wood

Buds typically burst from permanent wood

A

Buds typically burst from permanent wood

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50
Q

Identify 2 examples of Continental Climates for the following temperatures:

Cool

Moderate

Warm

Hot

A

Cool -> Champagne, Mosel
Mod -> Burgundy, Central Otago
Warm -> Ribera Del Duero, Mendoza
Hot -> La Mancha, Douro

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51
Q

How long after new planting is first yield?

A

Third year after planting

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52
Q

Identify 2 examples of Maritime climates for the following temperatures:

Cool

Moderate

Warm

A

Cool -> Muscadet, Tasmania
Mod -> Bordeaux, Rias Baixas
Warm -> Auckland, Margaret River

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53
Q

Which statement about Root stock is false?

  • Root stocks are used because they are disease resistant
  • Root stocks allow the grower to match different Root stocks to different soils
  • Changing Root stocks while the plant is growing is called ‘head grafting’
  • Root stocks can be used to manage yield
A

Changing Root stocks while the plant is growing is called ‘head grafting’

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54
Q

What is an untrellised vineyard?

What are the advantages and disadvantages?

A

Vines not trellised, shoots hang down as far as ground.

Bush vines typically head trained and spur pruned. Best suited to warm/hot, dry, sunny regions (S. Rhone, Barossa Valley), extra shade helps protect grapes. Not suited to cool climates as shade can impede grape ripening and airflow (disease). Not suitable for mechanical harvesting.

55
Q

Which one of these is the odd one out?

  • Grey Rot
  • Nematodes
  • Powdery Mildew
  • Downy Mildew
A

Nematodes

56
Q

What are the objectives of Summer pruning?

A

Trimming the canopy to restrict vegetative growth and direct sugar production to the grape rather than shoots and leaves. Can also involve leaf stripping for max exposure of bunches to sun

57
Q

Describe a Maritime climate

A

Low to Medium Continentality, medium to high rainfall all year long & often a cloudy growing season

58
Q

What is Millerandage also known as?

What are the symptoms?

What is it caused by and what are the results?

A

Hens and Chicks

Grape clusters with berries that vary in size and number of seeds.

Caused by cold weather at flowering, mineral deficiency, or disease. Results in reduced yields and uneven ripening.

59
Q

A Cane is what?

A

1 year old wood pruned leaving with 8~20 buds and is quite long.

60
Q

Describe the 3 main climate types

A

Continental - Greatest diff between hottest and coldest months, usually short dry Summers with rapid temp drop in Autumn.e.g. Chablis and Champagne

Maritime - Cool to moderate low annual difference between hottest and coldest months. e.g. Bordeaux

Mediterranean - Low temp diff hottest and coldest months but Summers usually warm and dry e.g. Mediterranean, Coastal Calif, Chile, SA and SE Australia

61
Q

What is this picture is an example of?

A

Cordon trained & Spur-pruned vine.

62
Q

What is Phylloxera?

A

A tiny aphid that feeds on the roots of vines and is native to the eastern United States.

63
Q

This picture is an example of what?

A

Replacement Cane with VSP

64
Q

A grape vine prefers a mean annual temperature between ____ and ____ with an ideal temperature of ___.

To successfully ripen, red grapes require and average summer temp. of around ____.

To successfully ripen, white grapes require and average summer temp. of around ____.

A
  • between 50° and 68°F, with an ideal of 57°F.

RED: 70°F

WHITE: 66°F.

65
Q

VSP (Vertical shoot positioning) is a trellising system often used when growing e.g. Chardonnay in a cool climate.

Why would a grower use this system?

A

In cool climates grapes can struggle to ripen fully. A grower can help the grapes to ripen by increasing exposure to sunlight and heat. In VSP, the shoots are trained up the wires, meaning the grapes are not shaded by any shoots that might otherwise hang down. Their exposure to sunlight and heat is therefore maximised.

66
Q

When does vine pruning take place?

A

Every Winter and Summer

67
Q

What are the pros and cons of Machine and Hand harvesting?

A

Machine (shakes the trunk)
- Not selective, often collecting unhealthy, unripe and damaged grapes. Can only be used on flat or slight incline vineyards

+ Speed, can work through the (cool) night meaning no need to cool grapes before fermentation.

Hand
- Slower and more Labour Intensive = more expensive

+ Can be used on steep vineyards e.g. Douro, Mosel, N. Rhone. Allows grape selection ‘on the go’, less damage to grapes, stems retained = clean, fresh juice for white and essential for red ‘whole bunch’ winemaking.

68
Q

What is the objective of Winter pruning?

A

The main objective is to determine the number and location of buds that will form the shoots in the coming growing season by cutting away unwanted leaves, canes and permanent wood.

69
Q

Which one of these is associated with manual harvest?

  • Can be done at night when temperatures are lower, slowing down oxidation.
  • The grapes are shaken violently off the plant
  • Low capital costs but higher ongoing costs
  • Suitable for all trellising systems
A

Suitable for all trellising systems

70
Q

Which statement about buds is false?

They form the year before

They contain immature Inflorescence

They generally only form on shoots at the end of the growing season

The number of bunches each bud produces is dependent upon the amount of sun the bud receives when it is a cane

A

The number of bunches each bud produces is dependent upon the amount of sun the bud receives when it is a cane

71
Q

Which of these techniques in NOT used in canopy management

VSP
Trellising
Inter row spacing
Passerillage

A

Passerillage

72
Q

What 2 reasons why netting is needed in a vineyard?

A

To protect the Vine from birds and / or hail

73
Q

What the Latin name for the most commonly grown vine species?

A

Vitis Vinifera

74
Q

Explain ‘Diurnal Range’ and why a large diurnal range can be beneficial to grape-growing:

A

The diff between daytime and night time temps. Cool nights slow loss of aroma and acidity, warm days accelerate ripening.

75
Q

What are the 3 main reasons for trellising a vineyard?

A

i. Arrangement of young shoots controls (maximise/limit) amount of sunlight getting into canopy.
ii. An open canopy can improve air circulation (esp. beneficial in wet climates).
iii. Aids mechanical harvesting and makes spraying insecticides & fungicides more effective.

76
Q

How can you protect from Hail?

A

Netting but costly.

Own several vineyards in different locations to mitigate risk

77
Q

What are the 2 types of Winter pruning?

Briefly summarise each type

A

Spur and Replacement cane.

Spur - Short sections of 1yr wood, cut down to 2~3 buds.

Replacement cane - Longer sections of 1yr wood with 8~20 buds on, typically 1 or 2 canes

78
Q

When is it best to do a green harvest?

A

Shortly after Veraison

79
Q

In relation to vines, Hybrids are?

A

Sexual reproduction, with parents being from different vine species

80
Q

Which soil type has the poorest drainage?

A

Clay

81
Q

What can a grower do if yields are potentially going to be too high?

A

Reduce by removing immature grapes after Véraison. This practice is known as ‘green harvesting’. If done too early vine can compensate by increasing size of retained grapes potentially diluting flavour.

82
Q

What are Shoots?

A

This year vine growth

83
Q

Which statement about Vitis Vinifera is true

  • The main Eurasian species for grape production
  • It is the preferred species for root stock
  • Provides excellent disease resistance
  • When harvested green grapes turn blue.
A

The main Eurasian species for grape production

84
Q

Cabernet Franc & Sauvignon Blanc got together in Bordeaux to create Cabernet Sauvignon Blanc. This is an example of what?

Crossing

Clones

Hybrids

Mutation

A

Crossing

85
Q

Name the Green parts of the Vine

A

A shoot off which grows; leaves, buds, tendrils and flowers or berries

86
Q

What treatment is there for Viruses and Bacterial diseases in the vineyard?

A

There are no treatments or cures. Only solution is to dig up vines and sanitise the land.

87
Q

What type of climate is this?

Low to medium continentality, medium to high rainfall all year long and often a cloudy growing season

A

Maritime

88
Q

What is the objective of Summer pruning?

A

Trimming the canopy to limit vegatitive growth and direct sugar production to the grapes

89
Q

Vitis Vinifera fertilised with any other type of V. Vinifera is called what?

A

Crossing

90
Q

Vitis Vinifera fertilised with another type of Vitis (not Vinifera) is called what?

A

A Hybrid

91
Q

Name 4 temperature hazards

A

Winter freeze

Frost

Cold temperatures in Spring

Excessive heat

92
Q

Name 3 water hazards

A

Drought

Too much

Hail

93
Q

What are the effects of

Too much nutrients?

Too few nutrients?

A

Too much = vigorous green growth

To few = Ill health (Chlorosis)

94
Q

Define vine training

A

Molding the vines wood and shoots to the required shape

95
Q

What is a trellis?

A

Stakes and wires used to support the trained vines

96
Q

What is the other (French) name for Replacement Cane pruning

A

Guyot (single or double Guyot)

97
Q

What happens is there are too few buds left after pruning?

A

Each bud has access to too much carbohydrate energy and will grow over vigorously

98
Q

What happens is there are too many buds left after pruning?

A

Each bud will not have access to enough carbohydrate energy and the vine will struggle to ripen the crop load

99
Q

Vine density; what density would you use, and why, where there is

Very limited water

A

Low density planting because the vines won’t have to compete for the limited water

100
Q

Vine density; what density would you use, and why, where there is

Low nutrients with sufficient water

A

High density - To provide competition between the vines additionally there should be tight control of the number of buds

101
Q

Vine density; what density would you use, and why, where there is

High levels of both nutrients and water

A

Low density planting but with multiple cordons or canes

102
Q

Name 4 ways to concentrate sugars in grapes in the vineyard:

A
  1. Harvesting late.
  2. Noble Rot (Botrytis)
  3. Drying grapes.
  4. Leaving grapes to freeze.
103
Q

Give 6 examples of regions w/ Rain Shadows:

A

Alsace / Vosges Mountains

Piemonte / Swiss Alps

Rioja / Cantabrian Mountains

Columbia Valley / Cascade Mountains

Mendoza / Andes

NZ South Island / Southern Alps

104
Q

How many buds are retained with spur pruning?

A

2-3

105
Q

Terroir is defined as:

A

A French concept that roughly translates to the entire set of factors that influence the development of the vine’s fruit and the characteristics it will show once vinified.

106
Q

What is a Rain Shadow?

A

A dry area on one side of a mountain or mountain range, protected from wind, rain and generally poor weather on the opposite side.

107
Q

What is Green Harvesting and why is it practiced?

A
  • Green Harvesting is a technique employed by farmers whereby grape bunches are dropped or cut off before harvest.
  • This is done to reduce yields and focus the vine’s energy/nutrients on fewer, higher quality bunches.
108
Q

What are 3 positive effects of wind on a vineyard?

A

Wind can:

  • cool/warm a region
  • dry a humid region, preventing rot/fungal diseas
  • prevent frosts
109
Q

Name 3 moderators that can help warm a climate:

A
  • Wind can warm a climate if coming from a desert, warm ocean current
  • Soil, if stony and gravelly, can retain heat from the sun to keep vines warmer at night.
  • Bodies of water, such as lakes, rivers and oceans, cool or warm slower than land, which moderates the temperature of adjacent vineyards.
110
Q

Desribe the conditions that are necessary for Noble Rot to develop:

A

Botrytis needs a region with high humidity, misty mornings and dry, sunny afternoons.

Humid mornings encourage rot to develop, hot, dry afternoons allow water to evaporate from perforated grapes.

Botrytis works best on grapes with thin skins (e.g. Semillon/Riesling) that have been allowed to fully ripen.

111
Q

What 3 roles does a vineyard’s soil perform?

A
  1. Influences vineyard temperature.
  2. Supplies the vine with water.
  3. Supplies the vine with nutrients.
112
Q

What is a clone?

A

A vine that is genetically identical to another, but with observable mutations that result in slight differences, such as better quality fruit or better disease resistance.

113
Q

Gobelet vines are __pruned and __trained:

A

Spur-Pruned

Head-Trained

114
Q

What are the 6 different regions as defined by the California Heat Summation index?

A

Region Ia 1,500-2,000° days F (850-1,111° days C)

Region Ib 2,000-2,500° days F (1,111-1389° days C)

Region II 2,500-3,000° days F (1,389-1,667° days C)

Region III 3,000-3,500° days F (1,667-1,944° days C)

Region IV 3,500-4,000° days F (1,944-2,222° days C)

Region V 4,000-4,900° days F (2,222-2,700° days C)

115
Q

What is the vine disease Esca also known as?

Where does it thrive and how is it cured?

How does it harm younger / older vines?

How can it spread?

A
  • Black Measles
  • Thrives in warmer climates but exists worldwide, and there is no known control or cure.
  • On young vines, the disease will weaken growth, affect berry development and discolor leaves; in hot weather an affected young vine may suddenly die.
  • In older vines, the disease affects the wood, causing the interior of the trunk and arms to soften and rot from the inside.
  • The disease is exacerbated by rainfall and can be spread by wind or on the pruning shears of careless vineyard workers.
116
Q

Identify 3 bacterial diseases that can affect grapevines:

A

Pierce’s Disease

Crown Gall (Black Knot)

Bacterial Blight

117
Q

How is Pierce’s Disease spread?

How does it harm grapevines?

Where is it commonly found?

What can be done to control it?

A
  • Glassy-winged sharpshooter—a leafhopping insect found near citrus orchards and oleander plants.
  • Renders them unable to produce chlorophyll, killing it within 1-5 years.
  • Commonly found in Mexico and the Southern US, but it is spreading northwards.
  • No known cure, authorities are employing strict quarantine rules to try and contain it.
118
Q

Which trunk disease is also known as “Dead Arm”?

A

Eutypa Dieback

119
Q

How is Eutypa Dieback spread?

Where is it commonly found?

How does it harm grapevines?

Why is it difficult to control?

A
  • Caused by the Eutypa lata fungus. Spores are carried by rain and enter the vine through pruning wounds.
  • Common in Mediterranean climates.
  • Infected vines experience stunted shoot growth as the fungus releases toxins, and eventually an infected cane may die—the dead arm.
  • Difficult to control becuase it afects a wide number of plants/crops.
120
Q

Which type of vine training is demonstrated in the image below?

A

Vertical Shoot Positioning

121
Q

Harvesting in countries in the southern hemisphere will typicall take place between:

A

February and May

122
Q

High soil pH is common in what kind of soil?

Are these soils suitable for viticulture?

How do these soils affect the grapes?

What about soils with low pH?

A

Limestone-rich soils.

Suitable for viticulture, but not other crops.

Contributes higher acidity (low pH) in grapes.

Soil acidity (low pH) can be a deterrent to viticulture.

123
Q

A Hectare is _____ acres.

A

2.47

124
Q

Place the following seasonal events in the life of the vine in proper order (1 = earliest, 5 = latest).

A. Fruit set

B. Véraison

C. Harvest

D. Budbreak

E. Flowering

A

D. Budbreak

E. Flowering

A. Fruit Set

B. Véraison

C. Harvest

125
Q

_____ is the father of biodynamics.

A

Rudolf Steiner

126
Q

Sélection massale is a ___ selection, in which ___ is taken from ____ in the vineyard, rather than from ______.

A

field

budwood

a number of vines

a single clone.

127
Q

Downy Mildew, also called _____, can be successfully controlled through applications of ____.

A

Peronospera

Bordeaux mixture

128
Q

In which stage of the vine lifecycle would hail be MOST destructive?

Why?

A

Flowering.

Vines are especially vulnerable to cold weather.

129
Q

What is vine “weeping” or “bleeding”?

When does this usually happen (in the northern hemisphere)?

This will occur when the air reaches what average temperature?

A

When watery sap is excreted from pruned canes sometime in February.

When the average air temperature surpasses 50°F.

130
Q

Which vine disease is typically spread by soil nematodes?

A

Fanleaf degeneration

131
Q
A
132
Q

How is Fanleaf Degeneration spread?

How does it affect grapevines?

What are visible symptoms?

What is the only remedy?

A

Spread by soil nematodes feeding on infected roots.

Deforms shoot growth, and leads to poor fruit set and shot (seedless) berries. The productive lifespan of the vine and its winter durability are diminished.

The leaves on an infected vine are malformed, resembling fans in appearance, and may form yellow bands around the veins.

The infected vines must be removed and the vineyard replanted.

133
Q

What is Leafroll Virus caused by?

Approximately what % of the world’s grapes might be lost due to the virus?

What are visible symptoms?

How does it affect vines?

How is it cured?

A

Caused by a complex of at least nine different viruses, spread through propagation of infected vines or by an insect vector like the mealy bug.

May be responsible for as much as 60% of the world’s grape production losses.

Affected vines display radiant shades of red and gold in the autumn and a characteristic downward curling of the leaves.

Reduced yields and delayed ripening.

Currently incurable but it will not kill the vine; thus, infected vines are not always removed.

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