Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards
Daily required amount: 5000 IU
Occurs in animal tissue as retinol from carotenoids
Deficiency causes night blindness due to dec formation of retinal pigment
Deficiency causes abnormal epithelial growth:
- scaliness and acne
- failure and cessation of skeletal growth
- atrophy of germinal epithelium of testes and interruption of female sexual cycle
- keratoconjunctivitis
Vitamin A
RDA: 1.5mg
Functions as carboxylase for decarboxylation of pyruvic acid and alpha keto acids
Deficiency causes dec utilization of pyruvic acid and AA and inc in FAT
CNS and PNS lesions due to dec glucose utilization and inc ketone utilization
Myelin degeneration
Weakens heart (cadiac failure)
GI disturbance
Vitamin B1 Thiamine
Thiamine B1 deficiency:
Beri beri
Polyneuritis
CV symptom heart failure
GI disorder
Beriberi
Thiamine B1 def causes cardiac failure due to
peripheral vasodilation and high blood flow to heart
weakness of cardiac muscle
sx peripheral edema, ascites
RDA: 20mg
Functions as coenzymes in form of NAD and NADP (hydrogen acceptors)
Deficiency results in dec oxidative delivery of energy in cells
Muscle weakness, poor gland secretion
CNS (dementia, psychoses)
Cracked, pigmented, scaly skin
Irritation and inflammation of mucus membranes
GI hemorrhage
Niacin B3
Niacin B3 deficiency
Pellagra esp in corn diet due to lack of tryptophan (can be converted to niacin) Canine disease (black tongue)
RDA: 1.8mg
Combines with phosphoric acid to form two coenzymes: FMN and FAD flavin adenide (hydrogen carriers: NAD accepts H and passes to FMN or FAD)
Def causes dermatitis, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle spasticity, weakness, coma, hypothermia, death
due to depressed oxidative process
GI disturbance, burning sensation of skin, cracking at mouth
Riboflavin B2
RDA: 3 ug
Contains cobalt like iron
Hydrogen acceptor coenzyme reducing RNA to DNA for gene replication
Fxn:
Promote growth
Promote RBC formation, maturation
Demyelination of large nerve fibers in posterior columns and lateral column
Cobalamin B12
Needs intrinsic factor for absorption in ileum
RDA: 0.4mg
Carrier of hydroxymethyl and formyl groups
Required for replication of cellular gene
Deficiency causes macrocytic anemia
Folic acid B9
Most important use of folic acid is the synthesis of
purine and thymine
RDA: 2mg
Coenzyme for chemical reactions related to AA and protein metab
Deficiency causes dermatitis, dec rate of growth, dev of fatty liver, anemia, mental deteriorism
Seizure, dementia, GI disturbance
Pyridoxine B6
Most important role of Pyridoxine B6 in the body is as coenzyme in the
transamination process for synthesis of amino acid
RDA: Unknown
Incorporated into coenzyme A for conversion of decarboxylated pyruvic acid into acetyl coA before citric acid cycle and degradation of FA molecules into acetyl CoA
Deficiency can lead to decreased metabolism of carbohydrates and fat
Retarded growth, graying of hair, fatty liver, hemorrhagic adrenocortical necrosis
Pantothenic Acid B5
RDA: 45mg
Essential for activating enzyme:
Promotes hydroxylation step to form hydroxyproline
Deficiency leads to weak collagen fibers, scurvy (failure of wounds to heal), cessation of bone growth, blood vessel fragility
Vitamin C Ascorbic acid
prolyl hydroxylase
Muscle cell fragmentation Gum lesion Loosening of teeth Mouth infection Vomiting of blood Bloody stool Cerebral hemorrhage
Scurvy
RDA: 400 IU
Inc calcium absorption from GI tract and controls calcium deposition in bone
Active transport of calcium through epithelium of ileum
Vitamin D
RDA: 15 IU
Antisterility vitamin: lack cause degeneration of germinal epithelium in testis, resorption of fetus after conception,
Deficiency prevents normal growth and degeneration of renal tubular cell and muscle cell
Vitamin E Tocopherol
Vitamin E plays protective role in prevention of
oxidation of unsaturated fats
RDA: 70 ug
Essential co factor to liver enzyme adds carboxyl group to factors II, VII, IX, X for coagulation
(Anti-Hemorrhagic Factor/Coagulation Factor)
Deficiency results retarded clotting
Lack of vitamin K comes from antibiotic use destroying producing bacteria in colon
Vitamin K
Catalyst for many intracellular enzymatic reactions esp carbohydrate metabolism
ECF: 1.8 - 2.5 mEq/L
Magnesium
Inc magnesium concentration effect:
Tx
CNS depression
Depressed skeletal ms contraction (weakness)
Calcium
Low magnesium concentration:
CNS irritation
Peripheral vasodilation
Cardiac arrthymia
Inc calcium concentration cause:
Cessation of heart contraction in systole
Mental depressant
Inc calcium concentration:
spontaneous discharge of nerve fibers or tetany
Major anion of intracellular fluid
Phosphorus
Has ability to combine reversibly with many coenzyme systems for metabolic process
Phosphorus
Important in formation of hemoglobin
Essential for oxygen transport and oxidative operation
Fe
Best known trace element of body
Important in formation of T3 and T4
Iodine
Integral part of many enzymes esp carbonic anhydrase
Essential for carbon dioxide metabolism
Zinc
Component of lactic dehydrogenase
Important for interconversion bet pyruvic acid and lactic acid, peptidase protein digeestiob
Zinc
Supresses cariogenic process
Deposited in hydroxyapatite crystals of tooth enamel and blocks function of trace metals for activation of bacterial enzyme
Fluorine
Excess intake of fluorine
Mottled teeth
Enlarged bones
Fluorosis
due to abnormal enzyme in odontoblast and osteoblast
Vitamin deficiency secondary causes
Inadequate absorption Impaired transport Increased requirement Increased loss or excretion Drugs
Kwashiorkor occurs due to impaired
retinol-binding globulin transport
Requires bile and pancreatic juice for absorption
Transported to the liver via the lymph as
Stored in various tissues
Not normally excreted in the urine
Fat soluble
Lipoproteins
Precursor of Vitamin A
Carotenes
Most effective provitamin A
Beta carotene
Vitamin A is important in the visual process as a constituent of the pigment
Rhodopsin
Vitamin A Deficiency
Xeropthalmia
Keratomalacia (cornea)
Nyctalopia/night blindness (impairment of dark adaptation, fubctional failure of the retina in the proper regeneration of rhodopsin)
Infections due to substitution of stratified keratinizing in respiratory, alimentary, eyes and paraocular glands, genitourinary glands
Best food sources of Vitamin A
Butter, whole milk Fortified margarine Egg yolk Green and leafy vegetables Yellow fruits
CNS manifestations of Vitamin A Toxicity
After chronic intake of more than 100,000u/day
Pseudotumor cerebri
Cranial nerves
Precursors of Vitamin D (Calciferol)
Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) vegetable origin Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) animal origin
Vitamin D promotes
intestinal absorption of
stimulates active transport of
and mobilizes this mineral from the bone
Calcium
Phosphate
Calcium
Active form of Vitamin D
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol
Converts Vitamin D to active form in the kidneys
Alpha hydroxylase
Craniotabes or softening of the cranial bones
Widening of the costochondral junctions leads to rachitic rosary
Harrison groove is a horizontal depression along the lower anteior chest due to pulling of the softened ribs by the diaphragm during inspiration
Rickets
Vitamin D Colecalficerol deficiency
Rickets (children)
Osteomalacia (adults)
Prevents the peroxidation of PUFA (antioxidant property)
Vitamin E Tocopherol
Enhances the activity of Vitamin A
Serves as scavengers of oxygen free radicals
Vitamin E Tocopherol
Best food sources of Vitamin E
Vegetable oils
RDA of Vitamin E depends on PUFA content of the diet
7-9 mg (21 mg PUFA)
Teratogenic
Needed by erythrocyte
Selenium + Glutathione
Antioxidant effect
Vitamkn E Tocopherol
Vitamin K from plants
Phylloquinone
Vitamin K from bacterial synthesis
Menaquinone
Vitamin K that is synthetic, fat soluble
Vitamin K
Essential co-factor for carboxylase which converts specific glutamic acid residues to precursor proteins to a new amino acid - gamma carboxyglutamic acid (Gla)
Vitamin K
Causes of Vitamin K deficiency leading to abnormal bleeding
Lipid malabsorption
Destruction of intestinal flora by antibiotic therapy
Liver disease
High risk population at risk of Vitamin K Deficiency
Newborn infants
Premature babies
Best food sources of Vitamin K
Green, leafy vegetables Liver Egg yolk Meat Dairy products
Components of essential enzyme complexes
Have no precursor vitamin in general
Do not require fat and bile for absorption
Not normally stored in the body in appreciable amounts
Readily excreted in the urine
Needs to be replenshed often
Rarely produces toxicity
Water-Soluble Vitamins
Forms of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) Thiamin triphosphate (TTP)
Enzyme in uncooked fresh water fish and shellfish destroys 50% of thiamine
Thiaminase
Also contains anti-thiamine factor
Tea
Inhibits active transport of thiamine
Alcohol consumption
Nervous symptoms like headache, insomnia, dizziness
Dry beri beri
Presents with edema and effusion
Wet beri beri
Presents with cardiovascular symptoms like tachycardia and CHF
Acute pernicious beriberi
Inflammation of the lips
“angular stomatitis” fissures of the corners of the mouth
Scalings, greasiness, fissures in the folds of the ears and nose
Results from deficiency of this vitamin
Cheilosis
Vitamin B2 Riboflavin
Dermatitis
Dementia
Diarrhea
Death
Deficiency of Vitamin?
Pellagra
Vitamin B3 Niacin
Diet includes corn as mainstay
Very low in niacin
Pellagra
This amino acid in corn is unavailable for absorption leading to pellagra
Tryptophan
Transamination
Synthesis of GABA
Deficiency leads to peripheral neuritis
Isoniazid intake
Vitamin B6
Pyridoxine
Pyridoxal
Pyridoxamine
Addition or removal of CO2
Synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids
Vitamin B7 Biotin
Protein in raw eggs that destroys biotin
Avidin
Constituent of Coenzyme A
Part of Acetyl CoA
Synthesis of cholesterol, phospholipid, steroid hormones, porphyrins
Vitamin B5 Pantothenic Acid
Synthesis of purines and thymine
Formation and maturation of RBC and WBC
Vitamin B9
Folate, Folic acid, Folacin
Symptoms of folic acid deficiency
Megaloblastic anemia
Mechanism
due to altered DNA metabolism
Vitamin B12 requires these two for absorption
Castle’s intrinsic factor
Calcium
Transport of Vitamin B12
Transcobalamin
Transfer of methyl group in nucleic acid synthesis
Vitamin B12 Cobalamin
Vitamin B12 also affects formation of
Myelin
Megaloblastic anemia
Glossitis
Hypospermia
GI symptoms
Subacute degeneration of cerebral white matter, optic nerves, spinal cord, periphernal nerves
Vitamin B12 Cobalamin
Vitamin B12 is available exclusively from
High risk population for Vitamin B12 defiency are
Animal food sources
Strict vegetarian
Enhances absorption of iron
Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid
Blocks degeneration of ferritin to hemosiderin
Hydroxylation of proline to hydroxyproline in collagen synthesis
Oxidation of phenylalanine to tyrosine
Conversion of tryptophan to serotonin
Vitamin C
Vitamin C is important in collagen synthesis since it promotes
hydroxylation of proline to hydroxyproline
Follicular hyperkeratosis
Swollen, inflamed gums
Loosening of teeth
Wounds fail to heal
Scurvy
Bluish, purple spongy swellings of the mucous membranes especially over the upper incisors
Other symptoms: swollen joints, purpura and ecchymoses, poor wound and fracture healing
X ray changes: distal ends of long bones with a ground-glass appearance
Scurvy