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Physiology > Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Daily required amount: 5000 IU

Occurs in animal tissue as retinol from carotenoids

Deficiency causes night blindness due to dec formation of retinal pigment

Deficiency causes abnormal epithelial growth:

  • scaliness and acne
  • failure and cessation of skeletal growth
  • atrophy of germinal epithelium of testes and interruption of female sexual cycle
  • keratoconjunctivitis
A

Vitamin A

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2
Q

RDA: 1.5mg
Functions as carboxylase for decarboxylation of pyruvic acid and alpha keto acids
Deficiency causes dec utilization of pyruvic acid and AA and inc in FAT
CNS and PNS lesions due to dec glucose utilization and inc ketone utilization
Myelin degeneration
Weakens heart (cadiac failure)
GI disturbance

A

Vitamin B1 Thiamine

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3
Q

Thiamine B1 deficiency:

A

Beri beri

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4
Q

Polyneuritis
CV symptom heart failure
GI disorder

A

Beriberi

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5
Q

Thiamine B1 def causes cardiac failure due to

A

peripheral vasodilation and high blood flow to heart
weakness of cardiac muscle

sx peripheral edema, ascites

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6
Q

RDA: 20mg
Functions as coenzymes in form of NAD and NADP (hydrogen acceptors)
Deficiency results in dec oxidative delivery of energy in cells
Muscle weakness, poor gland secretion
CNS (dementia, psychoses)
Cracked, pigmented, scaly skin
Irritation and inflammation of mucus membranes
GI hemorrhage

A

Niacin B3

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7
Q

Niacin B3 deficiency

A 
Pellagra esp in corn diet due to lack of tryptophan (can be converted to niacin)
Canine disease (black tongue)
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8
Q

RDA: 1.8mg
Combines with phosphoric acid to form two coenzymes: FMN and FAD flavin adenide (hydrogen carriers: NAD accepts H and passes to FMN or FAD)
Def causes dermatitis, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle spasticity, weakness, coma, hypothermia, death
due to depressed oxidative process
GI disturbance, burning sensation of skin, cracking at mouth

A

Riboflavin B2

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9
Q

RDA: 3 ug

Contains cobalt like iron
Hydrogen acceptor coenzyme reducing RNA to DNA for gene replication

Fxn:
Promote growth
Promote RBC formation, maturation
Demyelination of large nerve fibers in posterior columns and lateral column

A

Cobalamin B12

Needs intrinsic factor for absorption in ileum

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10
Q

RDA: 0.4mg

Carrier of hydroxymethyl and formyl groups
Required for replication of cellular gene
Deficiency causes macrocytic anemia

A

Folic acid B9

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11
Q

Most important use of folic acid is the synthesis of

A

purine and thymine

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12
Q

RDA: 2mg
Coenzyme for chemical reactions related to AA and protein metab
Deficiency causes dermatitis, dec rate of growth, dev of fatty liver, anemia, mental deteriorism
Seizure, dementia, GI disturbance

A

Pyridoxine B6

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13
Q

Most important role of Pyridoxine B6 in the body is as coenzyme in the

A

transamination process for synthesis of amino acid

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14
Q

RDA: Unknown
Incorporated into coenzyme A for conversion of decarboxylated pyruvic acid into acetyl coA before citric acid cycle and degradation of FA molecules into acetyl CoA
Deficiency can lead to decreased metabolism of carbohydrates and fat
Retarded growth, graying of hair, fatty liver, hemorrhagic adrenocortical necrosis

A

Pantothenic Acid B5

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15
Q

RDA: 45mg
Essential for activating enzyme:
Promotes hydroxylation step to form hydroxyproline
Deficiency leads to weak collagen fibers, scurvy (failure of wounds to heal), cessation of bone growth, blood vessel fragility

A

Vitamin C Ascorbic acid

prolyl hydroxylase

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16
Q 
Muscle cell fragmentation
Gum lesion
Loosening of teeth
Mouth infection
Vomiting of blood
Bloody stool
Cerebral hemorrhage
A

Scurvy

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17
Q

RDA: 400 IU

Inc calcium absorption from GI tract and controls calcium deposition in bone
Active transport of calcium through epithelium of ileum

A

Vitamin D

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18
Q

RDA: 15 IU

Antisterility vitamin: lack cause degeneration of germinal epithelium in testis, resorption of fetus after conception,
Deficiency prevents normal growth and degeneration of renal tubular cell and muscle cell

A

Vitamin E Tocopherol

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19
Q

Vitamin E plays protective role in prevention of

A

oxidation of unsaturated fats

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20
Q

RDA: 70 ug

Essential co factor to liver enzyme adds carboxyl group to factors II, VII, IX, X for coagulation
(Anti-Hemorrhagic Factor/Coagulation Factor)

Deficiency results retarded clotting
Lack of vitamin K comes from antibiotic use destroying producing bacteria in colon

A

Vitamin K

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21
Q

Catalyst for many intracellular enzymatic reactions esp carbohydrate metabolism
ECF: 1.8 - 2.5 mEq/L

A

Magnesium

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22
Q

Inc magnesium concentration effect:

Tx

A

CNS depression
Depressed skeletal ms contraction (weakness)

Calcium

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23
Q

Low magnesium concentration:

A

CNS irritation
Peripheral vasodilation
Cardiac arrthymia

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24
Q

Inc calcium concentration cause:

A

Cessation of heart contraction in systole

Mental depressant

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25
Q

Inc calcium concentration:

A

spontaneous discharge of nerve fibers or tetany

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26
Q

Major anion of intracellular fluid

A

Phosphorus

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27
Q

Has ability to combine reversibly with many coenzyme systems for metabolic process

A

Phosphorus

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28
Q

Important in formation of hemoglobin

Essential for oxygen transport and oxidative operation

A

Fe

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29
Q

Best known trace element of body

Important in formation of T3 and T4

A

Iodine

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30
Q

Integral part of many enzymes esp carbonic anhydrase

Essential for carbon dioxide metabolism

A

Zinc

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31
Q

Component of lactic dehydrogenase

Important for interconversion bet pyruvic acid and lactic acid, peptidase protein digeestiob

A

Zinc

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32
Q

Supresses cariogenic process
Deposited in hydroxyapatite crystals of tooth enamel and blocks function of trace metals for activation of bacterial enzyme

A

Fluorine

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33
Q

Excess intake of fluorine
Mottled teeth
Enlarged bones

A

Fluorosis

due to abnormal enzyme in odontoblast and osteoblast

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34
Q

Vitamin deficiency secondary causes

A 
Inadequate absorption
Impaired transport
Increased requirement
Increased loss or excretion
Drugs
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35
Q

Kwashiorkor occurs due to impaired

A

retinol-binding globulin transport

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36
Q

Requires bile and pancreatic juice for absorption

Transported to the liver via the lymph as

Stored in various tissues

Not normally excreted in the urine

A

Fat soluble

Lipoproteins

37
Q

Precursor of Vitamin A

38
Q

Most effective provitamin A

A

Beta carotene

39
Q

Vitamin A is important in the visual process as a constituent of the pigment

40
Q

Vitamin A Deficiency

A

Xeropthalmia
Keratomalacia (cornea)
Nyctalopia/night blindness (impairment of dark adaptation, fubctional failure of the retina in the proper regeneration of rhodopsin)

Infections due to substitution of stratified keratinizing in respiratory, alimentary, eyes and paraocular glands, genitourinary glands

41
Q

Best food sources of Vitamin A

A 
Butter, whole milk
Fortified margarine
Egg yolk
Green and leafy vegetables
Yellow fruits
42
Q

CNS manifestations of Vitamin A Toxicity

After chronic intake of more than 100,000u/day

A

Pseudotumor cerebri

Cranial nerves

43
Q

Precursors of Vitamin D (Calciferol)

A 
Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) vegetable origin
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) animal origin
44
Q

Vitamin D promotes

intestinal absorption of
stimulates active transport of
and mobilizes this mineral from the bone

A

Calcium
Phosphate
Calcium

45
Q

Active form of Vitamin D

A

1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

46
Q

Converts Vitamin D to active form in the kidneys

A

Alpha hydroxylase

47
Q

Craniotabes or softening of the cranial bones
Widening of the costochondral junctions leads to rachitic rosary
Harrison groove is a horizontal depression along the lower anteior chest due to pulling of the softened ribs by the diaphragm during inspiration

48
Q

Vitamin D Colecalficerol deficiency

A

Rickets (children)

Osteomalacia (adults)

49
Q

Prevents the peroxidation of PUFA (antioxidant property)

A

Vitamin E Tocopherol

50
Q

Enhances the activity of Vitamin A

Serves as scavengers of oxygen free radicals

A

Vitamin E Tocopherol

51
Q

Best food sources of Vitamin E

A

Vegetable oils

52
Q

RDA of Vitamin E depends on PUFA content of the diet

A

7-9 mg (21 mg PUFA)

53
Q

Teratogenic
Needed by erythrocyte

Selenium + Glutathione
Antioxidant effect

A

Vitamkn E Tocopherol

54
Q

Vitamin K from plants

A

Phylloquinone

55
Q

Vitamin K from bacterial synthesis

A

Menaquinone

56
Q

Vitamin K that is synthetic, fat soluble

57
Q

Essential co-factor for carboxylase which converts specific glutamic acid residues to precursor proteins to a new amino acid - gamma carboxyglutamic acid (Gla)

58
Q

Causes of Vitamin K deficiency leading to abnormal bleeding

A

Lipid malabsorption
Destruction of intestinal flora by antibiotic therapy
Liver disease

59
Q

High risk population at risk of Vitamin K Deficiency

A

Newborn infants

Premature babies

60
Q

Best food sources of Vitamin K

A 
Green, leafy vegetables
Liver
Egg yolk
Meat
Dairy products
61
Q

Components of essential enzyme complexes
Have no precursor vitamin in general
Do not require fat and bile for absorption
Not normally stored in the body in appreciable amounts
Readily excreted in the urine
Needs to be replenshed often
Rarely produces toxicity

A

Water-Soluble Vitamins

62
Q

Forms of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

A 
Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)
Thiamin triphosphate (TTP)
63
Q

Enzyme in uncooked fresh water fish and shellfish destroys 50% of thiamine

A

Thiaminase

64
Q

Also contains anti-thiamine factor

65
Q

Inhibits active transport of thiamine

A

Alcohol consumption

66
Q

Nervous symptoms like headache, insomnia, dizziness

A

Dry beri beri

67
Q

Presents with edema and effusion

A

Wet beri beri

68
Q

Presents with cardiovascular symptoms like tachycardia and CHF

A

Acute pernicious beriberi

69
Q

Inflammation of the lips
“angular stomatitis” fissures of the corners of the mouth
Scalings, greasiness, fissures in the folds of the ears and nose

Results from deficiency of this vitamin

A

Cheilosis

Vitamin B2 Riboflavin

70
Q

Dermatitis
Dementia
Diarrhea
Death

Deficiency of Vitamin?

A

Pellagra

Vitamin B3 Niacin

71
Q

Diet includes corn as mainstay

Very low in niacin

72
Q

This amino acid in corn is unavailable for absorption leading to pellagra

A

Tryptophan

73
Q

Transamination
Synthesis of GABA

Deficiency leads to peripheral neuritis
Isoniazid intake

A

Vitamin B6
Pyridoxine
Pyridoxal
Pyridoxamine

74
Q

Addition or removal of CO2

Synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids

A

Vitamin B7 Biotin

75
Q

Protein in raw eggs that destroys biotin

76
Q

Constituent of Coenzyme A
Part of Acetyl CoA
Synthesis of cholesterol, phospholipid, steroid hormones, porphyrins

A

Vitamin B5 Pantothenic Acid

77
Q

Synthesis of purines and thymine

Formation and maturation of RBC and WBC

A

Vitamin B9

Folate, Folic acid, Folacin

78
Q

Symptoms of folic acid deficiency

A

Megaloblastic anemia

Mechanism
due to altered DNA metabolism

79
Q

Vitamin B12 requires these two for absorption

A

Castle’s intrinsic factor

Calcium

80
Q

Transport of Vitamin B12

A

Transcobalamin

81
Q

Transfer of methyl group in nucleic acid synthesis

A

Vitamin B12 Cobalamin

82
Q

Vitamin B12 also affects formation of

83
Q

Megaloblastic anemia
Glossitis
Hypospermia
GI symptoms

Subacute degeneration of cerebral white matter, optic nerves, spinal cord, periphernal nerves

A

Vitamin B12 Cobalamin

84
Q

Vitamin B12 is available exclusively from

High risk population for Vitamin B12 defiency are

A

Animal food sources

Strict vegetarian

85
Q

Enhances absorption of iron

A

Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid

86
Q

Blocks degeneration of ferritin to hemosiderin
Hydroxylation of proline to hydroxyproline in collagen synthesis
Oxidation of phenylalanine to tyrosine
Conversion of tryptophan to serotonin

87
Q

Vitamin C is important in collagen synthesis since it promotes

A

hydroxylation of proline to hydroxyproline

88
Q

Follicular hyperkeratosis
Swollen, inflamed gums
Loosening of teeth
Wounds fail to heal

89
Q

Bluish, purple spongy swellings of the mucous membranes especially over the upper incisors

Other symptoms: swollen joints, purpura and ecchymoses, poor wound and fracture healing

X ray changes: distal ends of long bones with a ground-glass appearance

Physiology (23 decks)

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