Adrenocortical Hormones

Question 1

Adrenal medulla secrete

Answer 1

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

Question 2

Adrenal cortex secretes

Answer 2

Corticosteroids:
Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Androgen

Question 3

Principal mineralocorticoid

Answer 3

Aldosterone

Question 4

Principal glucocorticoid

Answer 4

Cortisol

Question 5

The zona glomerulosa secretes

via ensyme

Answer 5

Aldosterone

Aldosterone synthase

Question 6

Aldosterone control is mainly by

Answer 6

ECF concentration of angiotensin II

ECF concentration of K

Question 7

The zona fasciculata with widest layer spanning 75% of cortex secretes

Answer 7

Cortisol
Corticosterone
Adrenal androgen (small) and estrogen

Question 8

Control of cortisol, corticosterone is through

Answer 8

ACTH

Question 9

Deep layer of cortex zona reticularis secretes

Answer 9

Dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA
androstenedione
Estrogen

Question 10

Control of DHEA and androstenedione is by

Answer 10

ACTH

Cortical androgen-stimulating hormone

Question 11

Adrenocortical hormones are derived from

Answer 11

cholesterol provided by LDL 80%

Question 12

In the mitochondria, cholesterol is cleaved by the enzyme

To form

Answer 12

Cholesterol desmolase

pregnenolone

*rate limiting step of all adrenal steroid formation

Question 13

90-95% of cortisol is bound to proteins called

Answer 13

cortisol-binding globulin

transcortin

Question 14

ACH are metabolized in the

Conjugated with

and excreted in the kidneys

Answer 14

Liver

glucoronic acid and sulfate

Kidney

Question 15

Loss of aldosterone and mineralocorticoid secretion lead to severe

Answer 15

renal NaCl wasting
Hyperkalemia

Death from shock

Question 16

Cortisol does not normally exert significant mineralocorticoid effect despite avidly binding to renal epithelial cells bec of the enzyme that converts cortisol to cortisone

Answer 16

11B hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2

Question 17

Blockage or loss of 11B hydroxysteroid dehy type 2 manifest witth substantial mineralocorticoid effect bec of excess aldosterone like effect despite low levels of latter

Answer 17

Apparent mineralocorticoid excess AME

Question 18

AME tx

Answer 18

Licorice with glycyrrhetinic acid blocking 11B

Question 19

Return to normal of salt and water excretion by kidneys as result of pressure natriuresis and diuresis despite rise in atrial pressure by aldosterone

Answer 19

Aldosterone escape

Question 20

Excess aldosterone drives

Answer 20

K into cell causing hypokalemia

severe muscle weakness

Question 21

Aldosterone also acts on sweat, salivary glands and colon by

Answer 21

Inc Na reabsorption and promoting K and H ion secretion

Question 22

Spironolactone antagonizes activity of thhe complex

Answer 22

Aldosterone-MR

Question 23

Amiloride targets protein inserted into luminal membrane of tubular cell by aldosterone

Answer 23

Epithelial sodium ch (ENaC)

Question 24

Cortisol promotes gluconeogenesis by

Answer 24

1 inc enzymes req to convert AA to glucose in liver

2 mobilization of AA from extrahepatic tissues from muscle

Question 25

Cortisol has this effect on glucose utilization bec of

Answer 25

Decreased Depression of oxidation of NADH to NAD

Question 26

Cortisol can also cause this effect on glucose conc

Answer 26

Hyperglycemia due to inc FA leading to insulin resistance | Adrenal diabetes

Question 27

Cortisol has this effect on protein

Answer 27

Reduction of protein stores Except in liver Muscle wasting but inc liver and plasma protein

Question 28

Cortisol prevents inflammation by

Answer 28

1 stabilizing lysosomal membrane 2 dec permeability of capillary 3 dec migration of WBC into inflamed area and phagocytosis of damaged cell 4 supression of immune system causing dec T cell reproduction 5 attenuation of fever IL1

Question 29

Cortisol exerts its effect by

Answer 29

Binding with receptor in cytoplasm and HRC then interacts with regulatory DNA sequence called glucocorticoid response elements to induce or repress gene transcription

Question 30

ACTH acts on adrenal cells by

Answer 30

activating adenylate cyclase Inc cAMP in cytoplasm Activates intracellular enzyme causing formation of adrenocortical hormones Activation of Protein Kinase A causing initial conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone

Question 31

ACTH also participates in the regulation of skin color as MSH does bec

Answer 31

they originate from a larger precursor Proopiomelanocortin POMC