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Physiology > Pituitary And Hypothalamic Control > Flashcards

Pituitary And Hypothalamic Control Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior pituitary originates from the invagination of pharyngeal epithelium

A

Rathke’s pouch

hence made up of epitheloid cells

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2
Q

Posterior pituitary originates from the

called

A

neural tissue outgrowth from hypothalamus pituicytes

hence made up of glial cell

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3
Q

Cell: somatotropes
Stimulates body growth, secretion of IGF-1, lipolysis
Inhibits action of insulin on carbohydrates and lipid metabolism

Promotes growth of entire body by affecting protein formation, cell mutliplication and differentiation

A

Growth hormone

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4
Q

Cell: Corticotrope
Stimulates production of glucocorticoids and androgen by adrenal cortex
Maintains size of zona fasciculata and reticularis of cortex
Controls secretion of some of the adrenocortical hormones which affect the metabolism of glucose, proteins and fats

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Corticotropin

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5
Q

Cell: Thyrotropes
Stimulates production of thyroid hormones by thyroid follicular cells
Maintains size of follicular cell
Controls rate of secretion of thyroxine and triiodothyronine by thyroid glands
Control rates of intracellular chemical reaction

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Thyrotropin

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6
Q

Cell: Gonadotrope

Stimulates development of follicle, regulates spermatogenesis in testes

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

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7
Q

Cell: Gonadotrope
Causes ovulation and formation of corpus luteum in ovary
Stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone by ovary
Stimulates testosterone production by testes

A

Luteinizing hormone

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8
Q

Cell: lactotropes
mammotropes
Stimulates milk secretion and production

A

Prolactin

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9
Q

Secreted by posterior pituitary

Controls rate of water excretion into urine helping to control concentration of water in the body fluids

A

Antidiuretic hormone

Vasopressin

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10
Q

Secreted by posterior pituitary

Helps express milk from glands of breast to nipple during suckling and helps in delivery of baby at end of gestation

A

Oxytocin

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11
Q

Stain strongly with acid dyes called

Thus pituitary tumors secrete large quantities of human growth hormones are

A

Somatotropes
Acidophils

Acidophilic tumor

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12
Q

Cells bodies secreting posterior pituitary hormones are located on the hypothalamus and called

A

Magnocellular cells
Supraoptic nuclei
Paraventricular nuclei

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13
Q

Secretion from posterior pituitary is controlled by nerve signals that originate in the hypothalamus and terminate in the

Meanwhile, secretion by anterior pituitary is controlled by hormones called via

A

posterior pituitary

Hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones by hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal vessel

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14
Q

Highly vascular with extensive capillary sinuses

Flows through hypothalamic hypophysial portal blood vessel into ant pituitary sinus through median eminence

A

Anterior pituitary

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15
Q

Electrical stimulation of this region excites nerve endings and cause the release of all hypothalamic hormones

A

Median eminence and tuber cinereum

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16
Q

Almost all of the anterior pituitary hormones rely on the releasing hormone except

which is controlled by inhibitory hormone

and the GH which is inhibited by

A

Prolactin

somatostatin

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17
Q

All major anterior pituitary hormones exert their principal effect by stimulating target glands except

A

growth hormone exerts its effect directly on all of body tissues

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18
Q

GH metabolic effects

A

1 inc rate of protein synthesis
2 inc mobilization of fatty acid from adipose, inc fatty acid in blood and inc fatty acid for energy
3 dec rate of glucose utilization

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19
Q

GH promotes protein synthesis by

A

Enhancing AA transport through cell membranes
Enhancing RNA translation to cause protein synthesis by ribosomes
Inc nuclear transcription of DNA to form RNA (most important)
Dec catabolism of protein and amino acid

20
Q

GH also causes this effect on fat stores

A

Promotes utilization of fat over carbohydrates and protein

Excessive GH amount may cause ketogenic effect and fatty liver

21
Q

GH causes these effects on carbohydrate

A

1 dec glucose uptake in skeletal ms and fat
2 inc glucose production by liver
3 inc insulin secretion

Insulin resistance = diabetogenic, hyperglycemia and compensatory inc in insulin secretion bec probably of elevated FA dec sensitivity of liver and skeletal ms

22
Q

GH fails to cause growth if there is lack of

A

pancreas

carbohydrate exclusion from diet

23
Q

GH has these effects on bone

A

1 inc deposition of protein by chondrocytic and osteogenic cells causing growth
2 inc rate of reproduction of these cells
3 specific effect of converting chondrocytes into osteogenic cells causing deposition of new bone

24
Q

Two principal mechanism of bone growth by GH

A

1 deposition of new cartilage then conversion into new bone elongating shaft at epiphyses
2 osteoblast deposition making bones thicker esp in membranous bones greater than osteoclast resorption

25
Q

GH exerts its growth effect through

A

Somatomedin C

Insulin like growth factor

26
Q

GH is secreted in this pattern

A

Pulsatile inc and dec

27
Q

Deficiency or inability to secrete somatomedin C causes

A

pygmy stature in Africans

Levi-Lorain dwarf

28
Q

GH is secreted during these states

A 
1 starvation with protein deficiency 
2 hypoglycemia or low fatty acid 
3 exercise
4 trauma
5 excitement
6 ghrelin
7 inc blood AA
8 testosterone, estrogen
9 deep sleep first two hours (stage II, IV)
29
Q

Inhibits GH release

A

Somatomedin ILGF
GH exogenous
GH IH
Aging obesity inc blood fa and glucose

30
Q

Part of hypothalamus that cause secretion of GH
Sensitive to blood glucose conc
Causes satiety in hyperglycemic state and hunger in hypoglycemic states

A

Ventromedial nucleus

31
Q

GHRH stimulates secretion of GH in cells by

A

Attaching to cell receptor on outside surface of GH cells in pituitary
Activate adenylate cyclase
Inc cAMP
Inc Ca ions and release of hormone into blood
Long term effect: transcription in nucleus by genes to synthesize new hormone

32
Q

Major long term controller of growth hormone secretion

A

Protein nutrition

33
Q

Dec secretion of all hormones of anterior pituitary from congenital or by tumor

A

Panhypopituitarism

34
Q

Generalized def of anterior pituitary secretion during CHILDHOOD
Proportional but slowed growth rate usually due to panhypo

A

Dwarfism

35
Q

Causes of panhypopituitarism in adults

A

1 craniopharyngioma
2 chromophobe tumor
3 Sheehan syndrome

36
Q

Panhypopituitarism on adult may present

A

1 lethargic person
2 weight gain
3 loss of sexual function

37
Q

Acidophilic GH producing tumor before adolescence

Hyperglycemia, DM

A

Gigantism

38
Q

Acidophilic tumor after adolescence

Thicker bones, marked enlargement if hands and feet and membranous bone such as skull, nose, bosses of forehead

A

Acromegaly

39
Q

ADH is formed primarily in the of the hypothalamus

A

supraoptic nuclei

40
Q

oxytocin is formed primarily in the of the neurohypophysis

A

paraventricular nuclei

41
Q

Hormones of the pituitary are synthesized in the hypothalamus and bound to carrier proteins called

A

neurophysin

42
Q

ADH secretion is controlled by osmoreceptors in the

through

A

organum vasculosum
vascular organ of lamina terminalis (VOLT)
supraoptic crest

osmolarity

43
Q

Stimulates vasopressin secretion

A

Low blood volume by 15-25%

Dec stretch of baroreceptors of carotid aortic and pulmo regions

44
Q

Stimulates contraction of pregnant uterus toward end of gestation
Causes birth of baby

A

Oxytocin

45
Q

Oxytocin on breast milk secretion

A

Suckling stimulus leads to nerve signals to oxytocin neuron
Release of oxytocin from hypothalamus to posterior
Oxytocin is carried by blood to breast causing contraction of myoepithelial cell outside of alveoli of mammary
Milk let down

Physiology (23 decks)

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