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Physiology > Cell Components and Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Cell Components and Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

Wear and tear

A

Lipofuschin

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2
Q

Dark brown/black pigmentation

A

Melanin from tyrosine
MSH from anterior pituitary
ACTH

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3
Q

Lateral membrane cell surface modification

A

Zonula occludens
Zonula adherens
Desmosome
Gap junctions

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4
Q

Prevents or retards the diffusion of material

Tight or Leaky

Rapidly formed and disassembled

A

Zonula occludens

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5
Q

Tight junction

A

BBB

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6
Q

Leaky membrane

A

Glomerulus

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7
Q

Diuretic that bypasses the BBB

A

Mannitol

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8
Q

Antiinflammatory agent that penetrates TB meningitis

A

Dexamethasone

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9
Q

Macula adherens

Attaches 2 adjacent cells

A

Desmosome

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10
Q

Pathology of pemphigus vulgaris leading to lack of attachment

A

Pemphigus vulgaris

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11
Q

Slight rubbing of skin results in exfoliation of the outermost layer

A

Nikolsky sign

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12
Q

Positive Nikolsky in

A

Pemphigus vulgaris
TEN
SSSS
Ritter’s

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13
Q

Nikolsky is negative in

A

Bullous pemphigoid

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14
Q

Structure affected in bullous pemphigoid

A

Hemidesmosome

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15
Q

Hemidesmosome
Negative Nikolsky
Skin but not oral mucosa

A

Bullous pemphigoid

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16
Q

Desmosome
Positive Nikolsky
Skin and oral mucosa

A

Pemphigus vulgaris

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17
Q

Cell surface apical modification

A

Motile (cilia, flagella)

Non-motile (stereocilia, kinocilium, microvilli)

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18
Q

Infertility

Reduced or Absent mucociliary clearance (Chronic sinusitis)

A

Immotioe cilia

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19
Q

Motile cell process fhat contains microtubule

A

Flagella

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20
Q

Function to increase cell surface area

A

Microvilli

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21
Q

Longer than cilia that contain microtubule

A

Flagella

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22
Q

Found at the apices lining the epididymis Vas Deferens and hair cells of inner ear

A

Stereocilia

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23
Q

Damages stereocilia or kinocilium in inner ear

A

Aminoglycoside

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24
Q

Single non motile cilium-like structures in the inner ear

A

Kinocilium

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25
Q

Functions associated with propelling single cells

A

Flagella

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26
Q

Functions associated with movement and transport of fluid

A

Cilia

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27
Q

Absorption
Secretion
Adhesion
Mechanical transduction

A

Microvilli

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28
Q

Most common cause of villous atrophy

A

Celiac sprue

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29
Q

Increase or decrease in the variable regulated brings about responses that tend to move the variable in the direction opposite (negative) to of the original change

A

Negative feedback

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30
Q

the increase or decrease in the variable regulated brings about responses that tend to move the variable in the same direction (“positive”) of the original change

A

Oxytocin

Estrogen -> LH

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31
Q

Homeostasis is achieved by

A

Compartmentalization

Intracellular
Extracellular (interstitial, intravascular)
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32
Q

ECF cation

ECF anion

A

Na

Cl

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33
Q

ICF cation

ICF anion

A

K

Protein

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34
Q

Uphill electrochemical gradient

A

Primary active transport
Cotransport
Countertransport

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35
Q

Only type of transport not carrier mediated

A

Simple diffusion

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36
Q

Primary active transport

A

NaKATPase pump
usual stoichiometry is 3Na/2K
Energy provided by terminal phosphate bond of ATP

Ca ATPase pump- sarcoplasmic ER

HKATPase pump
gastric parietal cells and renal a-intercalated cell

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37
Q

Cardiac drug that inhibits NaK ATPase pump

A

Digoxin

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38
Q

Gastritis of autoimmune etiology

A

Type A

Pernicious anemia

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39
Q

Type B gastritis is associated with

A

H pylori

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40
Q

Movement of molecules from one location to another due to random thermal motion is known as

A

diffusion

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41
Q

Amount of material crossing a surface in unit time

Powered by the collision of molecules in a compartment

A

Flux

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42
Q

Opens when a change in membrane potential occurs

A

Voltage gated

43
Q

Opens when a specific molecule binds to it

A

Ligand gated

44
Q

Net flux: Higher to lower concentration
Does not use ATP
Uses carrier

A

Facilitated diffusion

45
Q

Net flux: lower to higher concentration
Uses ATP

Responsible: unequal concentration

A

Active transport

46
Q

Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane

Due to the difference in osmotically active substances across a semi permeable membrane

A

Osmosis

47
Q

Process of net movement of water caused by concentration difference of water

A

Osmosis

48
Q

Solutes generate a force that attracts water towards it

A

Osmotic force

49
Q

Hydrostatic pressure that will prevent movement of water

A

Osmotic pressure

50
Q

Major protein responsible for osmotic pressure

A

Albumin

51
Q

Total concentration of solute/liter of solution

A

Osmolarity

52
Q

Total concentration of solute/kg of solvent

A

Osmolality

53
Q

Hypertonic solution

Cell

A

shrinks

54
Q

Isotonic solution

Cell

A

No change in volume

55
Q

Hypotonic solution

Cell

A

swells

56
Q

Specialized RER in neuron

A

Nissl substance

57
Q

RMP of cell is because of

A

K conductance

-70 mV

58
Q

Nissl staining

A

Cresyl violet

59
Q

Ion for neurotransmitter release

A

Ca

60
Q

NE metabolites

A

3,4 Dihydroxymandelic Acid (DOMA)
Normetanephrine (NMN)
3-Methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid or Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA)

61
Q

More sensitive test for pheochromocytoma

A

Plasma metanephrine

62
Q

Tumors with VMA

A

Neuroblastoma

Pheochromocytoma

63
Q

Neuroblastoma

A

Homer-Wright rosette

64
Q

Retinoblastoma rosettr

A

Flexner Wintersteiner Rosette

65
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

A

GABA
Glycine
Nitric oxide
Histamine

66
Q

Glutamate is found in the

A

Dendrites
Astrocyte
Oligodendrocyte

67
Q

Serotonin

A

Midline raphe nuclei

68
Q

Histamine

A

excitatory and inhibitory

69
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Acetyl coA

Citrate

70
Q

Glutamine

A

Glutamate (astrocyte and glial cell)

71
Q

Glutamate

A

a- ketoglutarate

72
Q

GABA

A

Glutamate (by PLP)

73
Q

Acetylcholine is associated with

A

Alzheimer’s

Myesthenia gravis

74
Q

Dopamine

A

Parkinsonism
Schizophrenia
Addictive disorder

75
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Depression: undersupply of NE

76
Q

Serotonin

A

Depressive disorder
OC disorder
Eating disorder

77
Q

GABA

A

Anxiety disorder
Seizure/tremors: undersupply
Insomnia: undersupply

78
Q

Glutamate

A

Schizophrenia: oversupply
Seizure: oversupply
Migraine: oversupply

79
Q

Autonomic preganglionic neurons
Parasympathetic post ganglionic neurons
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons

A

Acetylcholine

80
Q

NT in sympathetic postganglionic

A

NE

81
Q

NE is secreted in

A

locus ceruleus

82
Q

NT found in preganglionic and neuromuscular junction

A

Acetylcholine

83
Q

Found in postganglionic sympathetic neurons NT

A

NE

84
Q

Acetylcholine is an

A

ester of acetic acid and choline

85
Q

Acetyl CoA + Choline -> Acetylcholine + CoA by the enzyme

A

Choline acetyl transferase

ChAT

86
Q

Acetylcholine -> choline + acetate by
the enzyme

Hydrolysis of acetylcholine

A

Acetylcholinesterase

AChE

87
Q

AchE is given in diseases

A

MG

Alzheimer’s

88
Q

Main cholinergic receptors

A

Muscarinic receptor

Nicotinic receptor

89
Q

Ionotropic receptors permeable to Na, K and chloride ions

Two main types:
muscle type
neuronal typr

A

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

90
Q

Muscle type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors is blocked by

A

Curare

91
Q

Neuronal acetylcholine recetors are blocked by

A

Hexamethonium

92
Q

Stimulated by muscarine and acetylcholine

Blocked by atropine

A

Muscarinic acetylcholine recetors

93
Q

Organophosphate poisoning symptoms

A

Increased oral secretions

DUMBELLS

94
Q 
Cholinesterase inhibitors (Reversible) 
For alzheimer’s
A

Donepezil - first line
Galantamine
Rivastigmine
Tacrine

95
Q

Cholinesterase inhibitor for MG

A

Pyridostigmine (Mestinon)

Crisis: Neostigmine IV
Exacerbation warrants ventilatory support

96
Q

Drug for carbamate insecticide

A

Alcarbim

97
Q

Organophosphates act on acetylcholine through this thereby reducing ability of the enzyme to break down the neurotransmitter

A

Phosphorylate

98
Q

Irreversible cholinesterase

A

Organophosphate insecticides (malathion, parathion)

Organophosphate-containing nerve agent (sarin gas)

99
Q

Ach has difficulty binding at receptors in MG due to

A

IgG blockage of the binding site

Ach rarely binds and ach-esterase begins to break it down

100
Q

Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome

pathophysiology

A

Voltage gated Ca channel

101
Q

Test for MG that shows decremental response

A

Jolly test (Repetitive Nerve Stimulation)

102
Q

LEMS Jolly/Repetitive Nerve test response

A

incremental test

103
Q

LEMS is a paraneoplastic syndrome of

A

Small cell Oat cell Lung CA

Physiology (23 decks)

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