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Physiology > Muscle, Neurotransmitters and Physiology Poutpourri > Flashcards

Muscle, Neurotransmitters and Physiology Poutpourri Flashcards

1
Q

Anchored to M line

A

Myosin

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2
Q

Extends from one Z line to another Z line

A

Sarcomere

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3
Q

Component of I band

A

Actin

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4
Q

Component of H band

A

Myosin

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5
Q

A band contains

A

Both actin and myosin

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6
Q

A band does not

A

change in length

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7
Q

During contraction, I band

A

disappears and moves toward M line

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8
Q

Where actin is anchored

A

Z line

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9
Q

Bisects I band

A

Z line

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10
Q

Bisects the H band

A

M line

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11
Q

Made up of single myosin tail and 2 myosin heads

A

Thick bands

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12
Q

Made up of actin with tropomyosin and troponin complex (I, C and T)

A

Thin filament

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13
Q

Troponin T or

A

tropomyosin

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14
Q

Attaches troponin complex to tropomyosin

A

Troponin T

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15
Q

Troponin I function

A

Inhibits action of actin and myosin

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16
Q

Troponin C function

A

When bound to Ca promotes interaction of binding of Ca to actin

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17
Q

Contraction steps

A 
Ach binding to motor endplate
Opening of Na ch 
Sarcolemmal depolarization
AP spreads until it reaches T tubule
Excitation of terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum
Opening of Ca gates
Ca release from SR
Ca binds with Troponin C leading to conformational change of tropomyosin 
Uncovering and exposure of myosin binding site 
Myosin binds with myosin binding site
Cross bridge formation
Contraction
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18
Q

Cross bridge cycle

A

Ca binds to Troponin C
Conformational change on tropomyosin
Exposure of myosin binding site
Myosin head bound to binding site
In absence of ATP remains bound
ATP attachment to myosin head promotes detachment
Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate
Myosin attaches to new site of actin constituting powert stroke (+ end)
ADP released
Rigor state

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19
Q

Relaxation occurs when

A

Ca is detached from Troponin C

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20
Q

Return of intracellular calcium occurs via entry back to

A

SERCA

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21
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

AP in sarcolemma of muscle fiber
AP spreads into T tubule
Opening of voltage gated Ca ch opens
Extra cellular Ca gets inside cell (lacking in skeletal)
Extracellular Ca binds to Ryanodine receptor
Ryanodine receptor stimulates release of Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum
(Calcium induced, Calcium release)
Binding to Troponin C
Exposure of myosin binding site
Cross bridge cycling
Relaxation via return of Ca through SERCA to sarcoplasmic reticulum

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22
Q

Smooth Muscle Excitation contraction coupling

A

Voltage gated Ca ch opens
Extracellular Ca inside cell causes depolarization
Opening of Ca ch in SR
Release of intracellular Ca (Ca mediated, Ca release)
Binding of Ca to calmodulun
Ca-calmodulin activates myosin light chain kinase
MLCK phosphorylates light chains in myosin heads and increases myosin ATPase activity
Active myosin crossbridges slide along actin abd create tension

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23
Q 
Source of Ca: SR
Site of Ca regulation: Troponin on actin-containing thin filament
Pacemaker: No
Effects of NS: Excitation
Speed of contraction: Slow to fast
Rhythmic contraction: No
Response to stretch: Contractile strength increases with degree of stretch to a point
Respiration: Aerobic and anaerobic
A

Skeletal

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24
Q

Source: SR and ECF
Troponin on actin-containing thin filaments
Presence of pacemaker

A

Cardiac muscle

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25
Q

Two typew of muscle spindle

A

Nuclear bag

Nuclear chain

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26
Q

Muscle spindles are innervated by different kinds of nerve endings:

A

Annulospiral (primary sensory)

Flower-spray (secondary sensory)

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27
Q

From the primary endings, subserve the monosynaptic stretch reflex

A

Group IA Afferent

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28
Q

From the secondary endings, terminate on the interneurons on the spinal cords

A

Group IIA Afferent

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29
Q 
Red muscle
Ex Soleus
Primarily aerobic
Small diameter
Slow velocity of shortening
Oxidative system

Function: Endurance

A

Slow twitch Type I

Oxidative red muscle

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30
Q 
White muscle 
Ex: Stapedius
Metabolism: Primarily anaerobic 
Large diameter
Fast velocity of shortening
Phosphagen/Glycolytic System

Function: Delivers power surge for few seconds to minutes

A

Fast Twitch Type II

Glycolytic White Muscle

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31
Q

More mitochondria
Higher myoglobin, capilary supply
More sensitive to hypoxia
Higher resistance to fatigue

A

Slow twitch Type I

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32
Q

Fewer mitochondria

Lower capillary supply
Lower myoglobin
Lower sensitivity to hypoxia
Lower resistance to fatigue

A

Fast-twitch

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33
Q

Only type of muscle without gap junction

A

Skeletal

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34
Q

Norma nerve resting membrane potential

A

-70 mv

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35
Q

NT found in pre ganglionic and neuromuscular junction

A

Ach

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36
Q

Where Ach is produced

A

Nucleus Basalis of Meynert (Basal Ganglia)

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37
Q

NT produced by locus ceruleus

A

NE

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38
Q

NE is produced in the adrenal medulla by

A

Chromaffin cells

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39
Q

Phenylalanine and Tyrosine yield NTs:

A

Epi
NE
Dopa

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40
Q

Toxin that blocks Na channels of NEURONS

A

Tetradotoxin of puffer fish and

Saxitoxin

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41
Q

Toxin that blocks Acetylcholine

A

Botulinum toxin

Botulinum toxin A - derma and aesthetic purpose, neurologic spasticity, spasm and dystonia

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42
Q

Toxin that blocks both GABA and Glycine

A

Tetanospasmin from tetanus C tetani

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43
Q

Algae causing red tide and algal blooms

A

Pfeisteria

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44
Q

Amnesia in hippocampus

A

Anterograde amnesia

Dec ability to retain new information

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45
Q

Type of amnesia caused by thalamic lesion

A

Retrograde amnesia

Unable to recall events that occured before the development of the amnesia

46
Q

Bilateral Temporal Lesion
Temporal lobectomy
Loss of social inhibition
Hypersexuality

A

Kluver Bucy Syndrome

47
Q

Vestibular system responsible for linear acceleration

A

Utricle

Saccule

48
Q

Responsible for angular acceleration

A

Semi circular Canal

49
Q

Important neurons in arousal and wakefulness

A

Orexin neurons

50
Q

Orexin or hypocretin is produced by the neurons of the

A

hypothalamus

51
Q

Loss or destruction of orexin producing neurons cause

A

Narcolepsy

52
Q

Nuclei of the brain responsible for ADH/AVP/Vasopressin

A

Posterior pituitary

Supraoptic nuclei

53
Q

Nuclei responsible for secretion of oxytocin

A

Paraventricular nuclei

Posterior pituitary gland

54
Q

Oxytocin functions

A

Uterine contractions

Milk let down reflex

55
Q

Ghrelin is a hormone

A

for hunger

56
Q

Leptin is the hormone for

A

Satiety

57
Q

Complex phospholipid secreted by type II epithelial cells

Decreases alveolar surface tension to decrease the work of breathing

A

Surfactant

58
Q

The type of alveolar cel producing surfactant

A

Type II pneumocyte

59
Q

What week does surfactant mature

A

35 weeks

60
Q

What do we give to those less than 35 weeks AOG?

A

Betametasone

Dexamethasone

61
Q

What are the diseases associated with deficiency of surfactant?

A

Hyaline Membrane Disease/Respiratory Distress Syndrome of Newborn (Type II)

ARDS in adult is caused by Type I

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

62
Q

Phosphatidylglycerol is also

A

cardiolipin

63
Q

Used as marker in VDRL

A

Cardiolipin

Phosphatidylglycerol

64
Q

Surfactant

A

Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine

65
Q

Normal FEV1/FVC ratio

A

80%

0.80

66
Q

Phenomenon associated with unloading of oxygen secondary to increased hydrogen

A

Bohr Effect

67
Q

Phenomenon associated with unloading of carbon dioxide secondary to increased oxygen?

A

Haldane effect

68
Q

Increased oxygen delivery to the tissues when carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

A

Bohr effect

69
Q

Release of carbon dioxide when oxygen binds with hemoglobin

A

Haldane effect

70
Q

Where is EPO produced?

A

Peritubular capillaries of the kidney

71
Q

Enzyme is present in the kidney to convert Vitamin D in its active form

A

1 alpha hydroxylase

72
Q

Active form of Vitamin D

A

1,25 Dihydrocholecalciferol

73
Q

Vitamin D deficiency in children is known as

in adults

A

Rickets

Osteomalacia

74
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

75
Q

Secrete renin

A

JG cells

76
Q

The components of juxtaglomerular apparatus:

A

JG Cells
Macula densa
Mesangiel cells

77
Q

Senses changes in volume and decrease in NaCl concentration

A

Macula densa

78
Q

Normal protein content of the urine?

A

0

79
Q

First urge to void is felt at a bladder volume of about

A

150 ml

80
Q

Marked fullness of the bladder at about

A

400 ml

81
Q

What substance would be secreted in response to changes in BP by JG cells of the afferent arterioles?

A

Renin

82
Q

Renin action:

A

Converts Angiotensinogen from the liver to Angiotensin I

83
Q

ACE converts

A

Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II

84
Q

No active sodium transport

Highly permeable to water

A

Descending limb

85
Q

Actively pumps sodium out of tubule to surrounding intersititial fluid

Impearmeable to water

A

Ascending limb

86
Q

Impermeable to urea

A

TAL
DCT
Cortical CD

87
Q

Where is aldosterone specifically produced?

A

Zona glomerulosa of cortex

88
Q

What is the Specific action of ADH on the kidney

A

Causes insertion of aquaporins/water channels on the distal tubules

89
Q

ADH receptors in distal tubules are affected

Lithium

A

Nephrogenic DI

90
Q

Renal threshold for glucose

A

180 mg/dl

91
Q

What is the strongest stimulus for erythropoeitin secretion?

A

Hypoxia

92
Q

Smallest branchest of the arteries

The site of highest resistance in the cardiovascular system

A

arterioles

93
Q

Contain the highest proportion of blood in CV system

A

Veins

94
Q

The muscle length prior to contractility and it is dependent of ventricular filling or EDV

A

Preload

95
Q

The value is related to right atrial pressure

A

Preload

96
Q

Most important determining factor of preload

A

Venous return

97
Q

The tension or the arterial pressure against which the ventricle must contract

If arterial pressure increases, afterload also increases

A

Afterload

98
Q

Preload =

A

EDV

99
Q

Afterload =

A

End systolic wall stress/tension or Resistance

100
Q

Is the volume of blood pumped each minute and is expressed by the equation:

A

Cardiac Output = SV x HR

101
Q

RMP of GI Smooth Muscle

A

-40 to -80 mV

102
Q

Slow waves produced by the

A

Interstitial Cells of Cajal

103
Q

Predominant excitatory neurotransmitter of GI

A

Acetylcholine

Para

104
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter of GI tract

A

VIP

NO

105
Q

Stomach secretes approximately this amount of gastric juice everyday

A

2 L

106
Q

Most important of the pancreatic enzymes for digesting proteins

A

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypolypeptidase

107
Q

CCK is secreted by

A

I cells

108
Q

What is the effect of CKK on the Sphincter of Oddi?

A

GB contraction

Sphincter of Oddi Relaxation

109
Q

Maximum amount the GB can hold

A

30-60 mL

110
Q

Bile salts in the intestinal tract:

A

Emulsifying or detergent function of bile salts

Physiology (23 decks)

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