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December CNS Exam > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin C Another name

A

(Ascorbic Acid)

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2
Q

Which vitamin’s major functions?

hydroxylating enzymes involved in:

  • collagen synthesis
  • carnitine synthesis
  • tyrosine synthesis and catabolism
  • neurotransmitter synthesis
  • antioxidant
A

Vitamin C

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3
Q

Which vitamin’s metabolic pathway? carnitine synthesis in beta oxidation

A

Vitamin C

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4
Q

Vitamin C Antagonist

A

heat

light

oxidation

alkaline solutions

large amounts of iron or copper

C Pectin,

zinc,

high intracellular glucose

A single large dose of Ascorbate.

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5
Q

Vitamin C Agonist

A

Glutathione

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6
Q

Vitamin C RDA/DRI

A

90mg/d (m)

70mg/d (f)

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7
Q

Which vitamin’s symptoms of deficiency? Scurvy, hyperkeratosis of hair follicles, psychological issues, wound healing, bleeding gums, ruptured capillaries

A

Vitamin C

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8
Q

Vitamin C Symptoms of toxicity

A

>2g

gastro problems

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9
Q

Vitamin C Food sources

A
  • fruits and vegetables
  • asparagus
  • papaya
  • citrus
  • strawberries
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10
Q

Vitamin C Populations at risk of deficiency

A
  • elderly
  • alcoholics
  • smokers
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11
Q

Vitamin B1 Another name

A

Thiamin

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12
Q

Which vitamin’s major functions?

coenzymes(TDP, TPP) involved in:

  • energy metabolism (coenzyme role)
  • oxidative
  • decarboxylation of alpha-keto acids and 2-keto sugars
  • DNA, RNA, NADPH + H+ synthesis
  • membrane and nerve conduction
A

Vitamin B1

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13
Q

Which vitamin’s metabolic pathway?

Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate,

alpha- ketoglutarate and 3 branched-chain amino acids (pyruvate from glycolysis to Acetyl-CoA),

In TCA cycle

role in the pentose phosphate pathway,

glycolysis

branched amino acid catabolic pathway (into TCA cycle)

A

Vitamin B1

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14
Q

Vitamin B1 Antagonist

A
  • fish, coffee, tea, berries, brussel sprouts & cabbage can destroy B1
  • alcohol can decrease absorption
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15
Q

Vitamin B1 Agonist

A

-Vitamin C prevents B1 oxidation - Citric Acid

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16
Q

Vitamin B1 RDA/DRI

A

1.2mg/d (m) 1.1 mg/d (f)

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17
Q

Which vitamin’s symptoms of deficiency? Beriberi, muscle weakness, abnormal gait and mental confusion anorexia tachardia enlarged heart edema Wernicke’s encephalopathy (often with alcoholics) congestive heart failure (wet beriberi) peripheral neuropathy (dry beriberi) Korsakoff syndrome (an often irreversible memory loss and dementia that can follow).

A

Vitamin B1

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18
Q

Vitamin B1 Symptoms of toxicity

A

None

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19
Q

Vitamin B1 Food Sources

A

-pork -whole grains -legumes -tuna -soymilk -yeast -sunflower seeds *Important to not overcook/heat foods with B1

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20
Q

Vitamin B1 Population at risk

A

-alcoholics -elderly -those with genetic polymorphisms of B1

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21
Q

Vitamin B2 Another name

A

Riboflavin

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22
Q

Which vitamin’s major function? -coenzymes FAD and FMN -energy metabolism (redox reactions) -metabolism of folate, Vitamin A, niacin, Vitamin B6, and Vitamin K -neurotransmitter metabolism -DNA synthesis

A

Vitamin B2

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23
Q

Which vitamin’s metabolic pathway? -Electron Transport Chain (hydrogen transfer reactions), -Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, and TCA cycle -fatty acid beta oxidation

A

Vitamin B2

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24
Q

Vitamin B2 Antagonist

A

-can be destroyed with exposure to sunlight CU, Zn, Fe, Mn, alcohol

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25
Q

Vitamin B2 Agonist

A

????

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26
Q

Vitamin B2 RDA/DRI

A

1.3mg/d (m) 1.1 mg/d (f)

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27
Q

Which vitamin’s deficiency? Ariboflavinosis, cheilosis, glossitis, hyperemia,edema of oral mucous membranes, stomatitis, photophobia, severe deficiency may diminish synthesis of coenzyme form of Vit B6 and synthesis of niacin from tryptophan, DNA damage

A

Vitamin B2

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28
Q

Vitamin B2 Toxicity

A

N/A

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29
Q

Vitamin B2 Food sources

A

-primarily foods of animal origin -dairy -eggs -liver -meat -legumes -liver -green vegetables

30
Q

Vitamin B2 Population at risk

A

-alcoholics -trauma patients -hypermetabolic conditions

31
Q

Vitamin B3 Another name

A

Niacin, also nicotinic acid, nicotinamide and niacinamide

32
Q

Which vitamin’s major function? -coenzyme CoA -energy metabolism -heme synthesis -cholesterol, fatty acid, steroid, and phospholipid synthesis

A

Vitamin B5

33
Q

Which vitamin’s metabolic pathway? -Acyl transfer reactions, part of the structure of CoA (synthesis of CoA) -nutrient metabolism (pantothenic acid as part of CoA) such as carbs, lipids and protein *joins thiamin, riboflavin, niacin in the oxidative carboxylation of alpha - ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA in TCA cycle, also used with amino acid glycine to produce heme

A

Vitamin B5

34
Q

Vitamin B5 Antagonist

A
  • Easily destroyed with heating and freezing - destroyed in acid and alkaline solutions – alchohol
35
Q

Vitamin B5 Agonist

A

Stable when dry and in solution at a neutral pH

36
Q

Which vitamin’s major function? -coenzymes NAD and NADP

A

Vitamin B3

37
Q

Which vitamin’s metabolic pathway? -over 200 enzymes require coenzymes NAD and NADP -NADH, from NAD, electron (hydrogen) transfer reactions -NADPH, reducing agent in fatty acid, cholesterol, and steroid hormone synthesis -glycolysis, pyruvate to Acetyl CoA, TCA cycle, pentose phosphate pathway

A

Vitamin B3

38
Q

Vitamin B3 Antagonist

A

Several medications, antituberculosis drugs, Mercaptopurine Tryptophan Alcohol

39
Q

Vitamin B3 Agonist

40
Q

Vitamin B3 RDA/DRI

A

Derived from amino acid tryptophan, 16mg/d (m), 14mg/d (f)

41
Q

Which vitamin’s deficiency symptoms? Pellagra in humans, black tongue in dogs symptoms such as diarrhea dermatitis mental confusion or dementia

A

Vitamin B3

42
Q

Vitamin B3 TUL and toxicity

A

>1g more per day Skin flushing and inflammation, , Upper Tolerable Intake Level 35mg/d

43
Q

Vitamin B3 Food Sources

A

-meat -tuna, halibut, other fish -liver -peanut butter -coffee and tea -some dairy

44
Q

Vitamin B3 Population at risk

A

-alcholics -malabsorptive conditions -Hartnup disease

45
Q

Vitamin B5 Another name

A

Pantothenic Acid

46
Q

Vitamin B5 RDA/DRI

47
Q

Vitamin B5 Toxicity

A

Not reported in humans, 15-20g have been associated with mild gastrointestinal distress

48
Q

Vitamin B5 Food sources

A

-liver -mushrooms -sunflower seeds -yogurt -turkey -royal jelly from bees

49
Q

Vitamin B5 Populations of concern

A

-alcoholism -malabsorptive conditions

50
Q

Vitamin B6 Another name

A

pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine), 6 vitamers

51
Q

Which vitamin’s major functions? -coenzyme PLP (pyridoxal phosphate) -amino acid metabolism -neurotransmitter and hemoglobin synthesis -glycogenesis -regulation of steroid hormone function

A

Vitamin B6

52
Q

Which vitamin’s metabolic pathway? -decarboxylation reactions -transamination reactions, associated with >100 of enzymes, majority involved with amino acid metabolism (and glucose production) -other compounds synthesized include carnitine, taurine, niacin synthesis from tryptophan -non-coenzyme role affects gene expression -glycogen degradation

A

Vitamin B6

53
Q

Vitamin B6 Antagonist

A
  • prolonged heating, milling and refining of grain sources - corticosteroids and anticonvulsants inhibit vitamin activity - oral contraceptives - Vitamin B2, Zinc - alcohol
54
Q

Vitamin B6 Agonist

55
Q

Vitamin B6 DRA/DRI

56
Q

Which vitamin’s deficiency? - Microcytic hypo chromic anemia due to impaired heme synthesis - dermatitis - glossitis - convulsions - neurological problems - impairs niacin synthesis from tryptophan - inhibits homocysteine

A

Vitamin B6

57
Q

Which vitamin’s toxicity >200mg/day can cause sensory and peripheral neuropathy - intakes >2g day may cause tingling, numbness, ataxia, degeneration of spinal cord -Upper Intake Level is 100mg/day

A

Vitamin B6

58
Q

Vitamin B6 Food sources

A

-fish,salmon -chickpeas -liver -potatoes -bananas -steak -navy beans -whole grains

59
Q

Vitamin B6 Population of concern

A

-alcoholism -elderly -use of certain medications (i.e. some for TB, -autoimmune conditions -Wilson’s disease)

60
Q

Which vitamin’s major function? -coenzyme -energy metabolism (carboxylation) -regulation of gene expression (2000+ genes) -progression of cell cycle

61
Q

Which vitamin’s metabolic pathway? -Co2 transfer/carboxylation reactions -4 biotin-dependent enzymes, TCA cycle, gluconeogenesis -metabolism of amino acids and fatty acids -catabolism of leucine

62
Q

Biotin Antagonist

A

Lysine, B5, lipoic acid. Avidin (egg white)

63
Q

Biotin RDA/DRI

A

30mcg/d AI

64
Q

Biotin RDA/DRI

A

30mcg/d AI

65
Q

Which vitamin deficiency? -Deficiency is rare -anorexia, -nausea, -depression, -loss of muscle control, -skin irritations

66
Q

Biotin Toxicity

A

None No UL

67
Q

Biotin Food sources

A

-synthesized by microflora of digestive tract -liver -soybeans -eggs -peanuts -almonds -mushrooms -egg yolk -tomatoes

68
Q

Biotin Population of concern

A

-excessive raw egg ingestion (due to Avidin glycoprotein that binds biotin) -alcoholism -malabsorptive conditions such as IBD

69
Q

Vitamin B9 Another name

70
Q

Which vitamin’s major function? -main coenzymes derivatives of tetrahydrofolic acid -coenzyme THP (tetrahydrofolate- active form) -single-carbon transfers -amino acid metabolism -DNA and RNA synthesis

A

Folate Vitamin B9

December CNS Exam (21 decks)

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