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December CNS Exam > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin C Another name

A

(Ascorbic Acid)

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2
Q

Which vitamin’s major functions?

hydroxylating enzymes involved in:

  • collagen synthesis
  • carnitine synthesis
  • tyrosine synthesis and catabolism
  • neurotransmitter synthesis
  • antioxidant
A

Vitamin C

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3
Q

Which vitamin’s metabolic pathway? carnitine synthesis in beta oxidation

A

Vitamin C

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4
Q

Vitamin C Antagonist

A

heat

light

oxidation

alkaline solutions

large amounts of iron or copper

C Pectin,

zinc,

high intracellular glucose

A single large dose of Ascorbate.

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5
Q

Vitamin C Agonist

A

Glutathione

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6
Q

Vitamin C RDA/DRI

A

90mg/d (m)

70mg/d (f)

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7
Q

Which vitamin’s symptoms of deficiency? Scurvy, hyperkeratosis of hair follicles, psychological issues, wound healing, bleeding gums, ruptured capillaries

A

Vitamin C

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8
Q

Vitamin C Symptoms of toxicity

A

>2g

gastro problems

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9
Q

Vitamin C Food sources

A
  • fruits and vegetables
  • asparagus
  • papaya
  • citrus
  • strawberries
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10
Q

Vitamin C Populations at risk of deficiency

A
  • elderly
  • alcoholics
  • smokers
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11
Q

Vitamin B1 Another name

A

Thiamin

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12
Q

Which vitamin’s major functions?

coenzymes(TDP, TPP) involved in:

  • energy metabolism (coenzyme role)
  • oxidative
  • decarboxylation of alpha-keto acids and 2-keto sugars
  • DNA, RNA, NADPH + H+ synthesis
  • membrane and nerve conduction
A

Vitamin B1

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13
Q

Which vitamin’s metabolic pathway?

Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate,

alpha- ketoglutarate and 3 branched-chain amino acids (pyruvate from glycolysis to Acetyl-CoA),

In TCA cycle

role in the pentose phosphate pathway,

glycolysis

branched amino acid catabolic pathway (into TCA cycle)

A

Vitamin B1

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14
Q

Vitamin B1 Antagonist

A
  • fish, coffee, tea, berries, brussel sprouts & cabbage can destroy B1
  • alcohol can decrease absorption
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15
Q

Vitamin B1 Agonist

A

-Vitamin C prevents B1 oxidation - Citric Acid

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16
Q

Vitamin B1 RDA/DRI

A

1.2mg/d (m) 1.1 mg/d (f)

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17
Q

Which vitamin’s symptoms of deficiency? Beriberi, muscle weakness, abnormal gait and mental confusion anorexia tachardia enlarged heart edema Wernicke’s encephalopathy (often with alcoholics) congestive heart failure (wet beriberi) peripheral neuropathy (dry beriberi) Korsakoff syndrome (an often irreversible memory loss and dementia that can follow).

A

Vitamin B1

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18
Q

Vitamin B1 Symptoms of toxicity

A

None

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19
Q

Vitamin B1 Food Sources

A

-pork -whole grains -legumes -tuna -soymilk -yeast -sunflower seeds *Important to not overcook/heat foods with B1

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20
Q

Vitamin B1 Population at risk

A

-alcoholics -elderly -those with genetic polymorphisms of B1

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21
Q

Vitamin B2 Another name

A

Riboflavin

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22
Q

Which vitamin’s major function? -coenzymes FAD and FMN -energy metabolism (redox reactions) -metabolism of folate, Vitamin A, niacin, Vitamin B6, and Vitamin K -neurotransmitter metabolism -DNA synthesis

A

Vitamin B2

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23
Q

Which vitamin’s metabolic pathway? -Electron Transport Chain (hydrogen transfer reactions), -Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, and TCA cycle -fatty acid beta oxidation

A

Vitamin B2

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24
Q

Vitamin B2 Antagonist

A

-can be destroyed with exposure to sunlight CU, Zn, Fe, Mn, alcohol

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25
Vitamin B2 Agonist
????
26
Vitamin B2 RDA/DRI
1.3mg/d (m) 1.1 mg/d (f)
27
Which vitamin's deficiency? Ariboflavinosis, cheilosis, glossitis, hyperemia,edema of oral mucous membranes, stomatitis, photophobia, severe deficiency may diminish synthesis of coenzyme form of Vit B6 and synthesis of niacin from tryptophan, DNA damage
Vitamin B2
28
Vitamin B2 Toxicity
N/A
29
Vitamin B2 Food sources
-primarily foods of animal origin -dairy -eggs -liver -meat -legumes -liver -green vegetables
30
Vitamin B2 Population at risk
-alcoholics -trauma patients -hypermetabolic conditions
31
Vitamin B3 Another name
Niacin, also nicotinic acid, nicotinamide and niacinamide
32
Which vitamin's major function? -coenzyme CoA -energy metabolism -heme synthesis -cholesterol, fatty acid, steroid, and phospholipid synthesis
Vitamin B5
33
Which vitamin's metabolic pathway? -Acyl transfer reactions, part of the structure of CoA (synthesis of CoA) -nutrient metabolism (pantothenic acid as part of CoA) such as carbs, lipids and protein \*joins thiamin, riboflavin, niacin in the oxidative carboxylation of alpha - ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA in TCA cycle, also used with amino acid glycine to produce heme
Vitamin B5
34
Vitamin B5 Antagonist
- Easily destroyed with heating and freezing - destroyed in acid and alkaline solutions – alchohol
35
Vitamin B5 Agonist
Stable when dry and in solution at a neutral pH
36
Which vitamin's major function? -coenzymes NAD and NADP
Vitamin B3
37
Which vitamin's metabolic pathway? -over 200 enzymes require coenzymes NAD and NADP -NADH, from NAD, electron (hydrogen) transfer reactions -NADPH, reducing agent in fatty acid, cholesterol, and steroid hormone synthesis -glycolysis, pyruvate to Acetyl CoA, TCA cycle, pentose phosphate pathway
Vitamin B3
38
Vitamin B3 Antagonist
Several medications, antituberculosis drugs, Mercaptopurine Tryptophan Alcohol
39
Vitamin B3 Agonist
??????
40
Vitamin B3 RDA/DRI
Derived from amino acid tryptophan, 16mg/d (m), 14mg/d (f)
41
Which vitamin's deficiency symptoms? Pellagra in humans, black tongue in dogs symptoms such as diarrhea dermatitis mental confusion or dementia
Vitamin B3
42
Vitamin B3 TUL and toxicity
\>1g more per day Skin flushing and inflammation, , Upper Tolerable Intake Level 35mg/d
43
Vitamin B3 Food Sources
-meat -tuna, halibut, other fish -liver -peanut butter -coffee and tea -some dairy
44
Vitamin B3 Population at risk
-alcholics -malabsorptive conditions -Hartnup disease
45
Vitamin B5 Another name
Pantothenic Acid
46
Vitamin B5 RDA/DRI
5mg/d AI
47
Vitamin B5 Toxicity
Not reported in humans, 15-20g have been associated with mild gastrointestinal distress
48
Vitamin B5 Food sources
-liver -mushrooms -sunflower seeds -yogurt -turkey -royal jelly from bees
49
Vitamin B5 Populations of concern
-alcoholism -malabsorptive conditions
50
Vitamin B6 Another name
pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine), 6 vitamers
51
Which vitamin's major functions? -coenzyme PLP (pyridoxal phosphate) -amino acid metabolism -neurotransmitter and hemoglobin synthesis -glycogenesis -regulation of steroid hormone function
Vitamin B6
52
Which vitamin's metabolic pathway? -decarboxylation reactions -transamination reactions, associated with \>100 of enzymes, majority involved with amino acid metabolism (and glucose production) -other compounds synthesized include carnitine, taurine, niacin synthesis from tryptophan -non-coenzyme role affects gene expression -glycogen degradation
Vitamin B6
53
Vitamin B6 Antagonist
- prolonged heating, milling and refining of grain sources - corticosteroids and anticonvulsants inhibit vitamin activity - oral contraceptives - Vitamin B2, Zinc - alcohol
54
Vitamin B6 Agonist
????
55
Vitamin B6 DRA/DRI
1.3mg/d
56
Which vitamin's deficiency? - Microcytic hypo chromic anemia due to impaired heme synthesis - dermatitis - glossitis - convulsions - neurological problems - impairs niacin synthesis from tryptophan - inhibits homocysteine
Vitamin B6
57
Which vitamin's toxicity \>200mg/day can cause sensory and peripheral neuropathy - intakes \>2g day may cause tingling, numbness, ataxia, degeneration of spinal cord -Upper Intake Level is 100mg/day
Vitamin B6
58
Vitamin B6 Food sources
-fish,salmon -chickpeas -liver -potatoes -bananas -steak -navy beans -whole grains
59
Vitamin B6 Population of concern
-alcoholism -elderly -use of certain medications (i.e. some for TB, -autoimmune conditions -Wilson’s disease)
60
Which vitamin's major function? -coenzyme -energy metabolism (carboxylation) -regulation of gene expression (2000+ genes) -progression of cell cycle
Biotin
61
Which vitamin's metabolic pathway? -Co2 transfer/carboxylation reactions -4 biotin-dependent enzymes, TCA cycle, gluconeogenesis -metabolism of amino acids and fatty acids -catabolism of leucine
Biotin
62
Biotin Antagonist
Lysine, B5, lipoic acid. Avidin (egg white)
63
Biotin RDA/DRI
30mcg/d AI
64
Biotin RDA/DRI
30mcg/d AI
65
Which vitamin deficiency? -Deficiency is rare -anorexia, -nausea, -depression, -loss of muscle control, -skin irritations
Biotin
66
Biotin Toxicity
None No UL
67
Biotin Food sources
-synthesized by microflora of digestive tract -liver -soybeans -eggs -peanuts -almonds -mushrooms -egg yolk -tomatoes
68
Biotin Population of concern
-excessive raw egg ingestion (due to Avidin glycoprotein that binds biotin) -alcoholism -malabsorptive conditions such as IBD
69
Vitamin B9 Another name
Folate
70
Which vitamin's major function? -main coenzymes derivatives of tetrahydrofolic acid -coenzyme THP (tetrahydrofolate- active form) -single-carbon transfers -amino acid metabolism -DNA and RNA synthesis
Folate Vitamin B9

December CNS Exam (21 decks)

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