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December CNS Exam > Gropper - digestive system Mechanism for Nourishing the Body > Flashcards

Gropper - digestive system Mechanism for Nourishing the Body Flashcards

1
Q

​Within the lamina propria, lying just below the epithelium, is the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), which ____.

(A) ​controls secretions from the mucosal glands
(B) ​contains white blood cells and protects against ingested microorganisms
(C) ​initiates peristalsis
(D) ​secretes mucus, hormones, and digestive juices into the lumen

A

(B) ​contains white blood cells and protects against ingested microorganisms

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2
Q

Which structural component of the gastrointestinal tract lies within the muscularis externa and controls the contractions that cause motility?​

(A) ​muscularis mucosae
(B) ​submucosal plexus
(C) ​myenteric plexus
(D) ​lumen

A

(C) ​myenteric plexus

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3
Q

Which structure is not considered an accessory organ?​

(A) ​pancreas
(B) ​liver
(C) ​gallbladder
(D) ​spleen

A

(D) ​spleen

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4
Q

Bile is most important for the digestion and absorption of ____.​

(A) ​carbohydrates
(B) ​proteins
(C) ​fats
(D) ​vitamins

A

(C) ​fats

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5
Q

A decrease in the function of the parotid glands is most likely to result in ____.​

(A) ​a lack of triglyceride digestion
(B) ​bolus that is difficult to form
(C) ​saliva that is too thin, that is, a high water to mucus ratio
(D) ​diarrhea due to malabsorption

A

(B) ​bolus that is difficult to form

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6
Q

​What is the name of the digestive enzyme in saliva that digests starch?

(A) ​lipase
(B) ​synthetase
(C) ​amylase
(D) ​lactase

A

(C) ​amylase

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7
Q

Which substance is not a component of saliva?​

(A) ​mucus
(B) ​enzymes
(C) ​water
(D) ​proteases

A

(D) ​proteases

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8
Q

Endocrine cells of the pancreas are found in which structure?​

(A) ​the pancreatic duct
(B) ​the islets of Langerhans
(C) ​the sphincter of Oddi
(D) ​the beta cells

A

(B) ​the islets of Langerhans

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9
Q

Delayed gastric emptying is known as ____.​

(A) ​cholecystitis
(B) ​cholelithiasis
(C) ​gastritis
(D) ​gastroparesis

A

(D) ​gastroparesis

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10
Q

What product produced by neck cells in the oxyntic gland of the stomach protects the epithelium from mechanical and chemical damage?

(A) ​amylase
(B) ​pepsin
(C) ​gastrin
(D) ​mucus

A

(D) ​mucus

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11
Q

Which cells, found both in the oxyntic glands and pyloric glands of the stomach, secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor?​

(A) ​neck cells
(B) ​parietal cells
(C) ​chief cells
(D) ​enteroendocrine cells

A

(B) ​parietal cells

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12
Q

Which cells, found in oxyntic glands in the body of the stomach, secrete pepsinogens?​

(A) ​neck cells
(B) ​parietal cells
(C) ​chief cells
(D) ​enteroendocrine cells

A

(C) ​chief cells

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13
Q

Which specialized cell of the gastric epithelium secretes a hormone?

(A) ​neck
(B) ​parietal
(C) ​chief
(D) ​G-cell

A

(D) ​G-cell

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14
Q

The chief cells secrete ____.​

(A) ​gastrin
(B) ​mucus
(C) ​zymogens
(D) ​hydrochloric acid

A

(C) ​zymogens

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15
Q

The parietal cells secrete ____.​

(A) ​hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
(B) ​intrinsic factor and gastrin
(C) ​gastrin and zymogens
(D) ​zymogens and hydrochloric acid

A

(A) ​hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

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16
Q

Gastrin stimulates which cells?​

(A) ​oxyntic cells
(B) ​parietal and chief cells
(C) ​pancreatic exocrine cells
(D) ​alpha cells

A

(B) ​parietal and chief cells

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17
Q

When the pH of the stomach is increased to avoid GERD, over time, the stomach may not be acidic enough. What is the most likely outcome?​

(A) ​lack of carbohydrate digestion
(B) ​decreased protein digestion
(C) ​destruction of bacteria in the stomach
(D) ​gastric ulcer

A

(B) ​decreased protein digestion

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18
Q

Which glycoproteins bind water and are gel-forming?​

(A) ​mucins
(B) ​proteoglycans
(C) ​prostaglandins
(D) ​zymogens

A

(A) ​mucins

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19
Q

​The product(s) of pepsin’s action is/are ____.

(A) ​disaccharides
(B) ​amylose
(C) ​short-chain fatty acids
(D) ​hydrolyzed proteins

A

(D) ​hydrolyzed proteins

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20
Q

Pepcid, a drug that is classified as an H2 receptor blocker, acts by ____.

(A) ​inhibiting the secretion of hydrogen ions by the parietal cells
(B) ​inhibiting the release of acetylcholine by the vagus nerve
(C) ​inhibiting the binding of gastrin to the parietal cells
(D) ​inhibiting the binding of histamine to the parietal cells

A

(D) ​inhibiting the binding of histamine to the parietal cells

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21
Q

​Which medication inhibits hydrogen release into the gastric juice, which reduces GI mucosal irritation?

(A) ​Pepcid
(B) ​Nexium
(C) ​Tums
(D) ​Tagamet

A

(B) ​Nexium

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22
Q

Which process allows gastric expansion with food intake with minimal impact on intragastric pressure?​

(A) ​peristalsis
(B) ​receptive relaxation
(C) ​segmentation
(D) ​pendular movement

A

(B) ​receptive relaxation

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23
Q

Pyloric glands are located predominantly ____.​

(A) ​at the juncture of the esophagus and the stomach
(B) ​in the fundus and the body of the stomach
(C) ​in the antrum of the stomach
(D) ​in the cardiac portion of the stomach

A

(C) ​in the antrum of the stomach

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24
Q

Which phrase best describes the function of the crypt of Lieberkühn?​

(A) ​mucus secretion
(B) ​glucose oxidation
(C) ​cellular differentiation
(D) ​amylase secretion

A

(C) ​cellular differentiation

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25
Q

The pancreas is a digestive system accessory organ with two types of active tissue-the ductless endocrine cells that secrete insulin and glucagon and the ____.​

(A) ​liver-like cells that produce bile
(B) ​ductless absorptive tissue that controls bicarbonate
(C) ​acinar exocrine cells that produce digestive enzymes
(D) ​erythropoietic cells that produce red blood cells

A

(C) ​acinar exocrine cells that produce digestive enzymes

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26
Q

Pancreatic juice that enters the duodenum through the sphincter of Oddi contains all of the following EXCEPT ____.​

(A) ​digestive enzymes
(B) ​intrinsic factor
(C) ​anions such as bicarbonate and chloride
(D) ​cations such as sodium, potassium, and calcium

A

(B) ​intrinsic factor

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27
Q

In which part of the brain is the swallowing center located?​

(A) ​the hypothalamus
(B) ​the medulla oblongata
(C) ​the thalamus
(D) ​the pons

A

(B) ​the medulla oblongata

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28
Q

In which organ are enzymes produced that are responsible for digestion of 50 percent of carbohydrate and protein and 90 percent of fat?​

(A) ​liver
(B) ​esophagus
(C) ​pancreas
(D) ​gallbladder

A

(C) ​pancreas

29
Q

Which hormone’s major action is to alkalize intestinal contents by stimulating secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas and by inhibiting gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying?​

(A) ​gastrin
(B) ​secretin
(C) ​cholecystokinin
(D) ​GRP

A

(B) ​secretin

30
Q

Dumping syndrome may be caused by ____.​

(A) ​bacterial infections
(B) ​viral infections
(C) ​partial removal of the stomach to treat obesity
(D) ​gall stones

A

(C) ​partial removal of the stomach to treat obesity

31
Q

The hormone primarily responsible for contraction of the gallbladder and release of bile into the duodenum is ____.​

(A) ​gastrin
(B) ​secretin
(C) ​cholecystokinin
(D) ​GRP

A

(C) ​cholecystokinin

32
Q

Bile salts are synthesized from cholesterol in the ____.​

(A) ​canaliculi
(B) ​common bile duct
(C) ​hepatocytes
(D) ​gallbladder

A

(C) ​hepatocytes

33
Q

The surface coat of microvilli is known as ____.​

(A) ​the glycocalyx
(B) ​the crypts of Lieberkühn
(C) ​motilin
(D) ​proteases

A

(A) ​the glycocalyx

34
Q

The total bile acid pool in the human body is 2.5 to 5 g. What percentage of bile is reabsorbed in
the distal ileum?​

(A) ​10 percent
(B) ​30 percent
(C) ​65 percent
(D) ​90 percent

A

(D) ​90 percent

35
Q

A large gall stone blocking the cystic duct might result in ____.​

(A) ​a reduction in the production of bile by the liver
(B) ​an increase in bile production by the liver
(C) ​enhancement of fat digestion
(D) ​interference with fat digestion

A

(D) ​interference with fat digestion

36
Q

Which substance is enterohepatically circulated?​

(A) ​pancreatic enzymes
(B) ​bile
(C) ​glucose
(D) ​CCK

A

(B) ​bile

37
Q

In general, in which portion of the gastrointestinal tract does most absorption occur?​

(A) ​esophagus
(B) ​stomach
(C) ​small intestine
(D) ​colon

A

(C) ​small intestine

38
Q

A common cause of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is the bacterium ____.​

(A) ​Escherichia coli
(B) ​Helicobacter pylori
(C) ​Staphylococcus aureus
(D) ​Enterobacter aerogenes

A

(B) ​Helicobacter pylori

39
Q

Which structure helps to prevent the migration of bacteria from the large intestine back into the small intestine?​

(A) ​the cecum
(B) ​the appendix
(C) ​the ileocecal valve
(D) ​the ileum

A

(C) ​the ileocecal valve

40
Q

Which hormone(s) is/are responsible for decreasing sodium absorption in the colon?​

(A) ​glucocorticoids
(B) ​mineralocorticoids
(C) ​vasopressin
(D) ​glucagon

A

(C) ​vasopressin

41
Q

Which division of the nervous system decreases digestive tract motility and secretions?​

(A) ​parasympathetic
(B) ​somatic
(C) ​adrenergic
(D) ​sympathetic

A

(D) ​sympathetic

42
Q

Which hormone diminishes gastric acid secretion?​

(A) ​somatostatin
(B) ​gastrin
(C) ​cholecystokinin
(D) ​pancreatic polypeptide

A

(A) ​somatostatin

43
Q

Which hormone stimulates gall bladder contraction?​

(A) ​motilin
(B) ​gastrin
(C) ​cholecystokinin
(D) ​secretin

A

(C) ​cholecystokinin

44
Q

A deficiency in secretion of cholecystokinin might lead to which problem?​

(A) ​a reduction in gastric acid production
(B) ​difficulty digesting fats
(C) ​difficulty digesting proteins
(D) ​a buildup of intestinal gas

A

(B) ​difficulty digesting fats

45
Q

When diagnosing lactose intolerance, ____ is measured in the breath following oral consumption of 50 g lactose.​

(A) ​methane
(B) ​hydrogen
(C) ​carbon dioxide
(D) ​sulfur

A

(B) ​hydrogen

46
Q

Lactose intolerance is least common in _____.​

(A) ​European Americans
(B) ​African Americans
(C) ​American Indians
(D) ​Asian Americans

A

(C) ​American Indians

47
Q

Which hormone decreases appetite?​

(A) ​peptide YY
(B) ​motilin
(C) ​secretin
(D) ​pancreatic polypeptide

A

(A) ​peptide YY

48
Q

Among the regulatory peptide molecules, some are recognized as true hormones. Which substance is a paracrine rather than a hormone?​

(A) ​somatostatin
(B) ​secretin
(C) ​cholecystokinin
(D) ​gastrin

A

(A) ​somatostatin

49
Q

Secretin is released from the enteroendocrine S-cell in the ____.​

(A) ​proximal small intestine
(B) ​gastric mucosa
(C) ​esophagus
(D) ​colon

A

(A) ​proximal small intestine

50
Q

Secretin stimulates HCl release.

(A) True
(B) False

51
Q

CCK stimulates pancreatic zymogen release.​

(A) True
(B) False

52
Q

Leptin secretion stimulates the desire to eat.​

(A) True
(B) False

53
Q

CCK stimulates the release of bile.​

(A) True
(B) False

54
Q

GIP stimulates the release of a hormone from the pancreatic β-cells.​

(A) True
(B) False

55
Q

Eating a meal stimulates ghrelin secretion.​

(A) True
(B) False

56
Q

Ghrelin increases satiety.​

(A) True
(B) False

57
Q

Gastrin stimulates gastric acid secretion.​

(A) True
(B) False

58
Q

Peptide YY stimulates gastric acid secretion.

(A) True
(B) False

59
Q

Secretin stimulates gastric emptying.​

(A) True
(B) False

60
Q

Short-chain fatty acids secreted by intestinal bacteria improve colonic and splanchnic blood flow.

(A) True
(B) False

61
Q

The predominant component of saliva is amylase.​

(A) True
(B) False

62
Q

​The fundus of the stomach lies below the gastroesophageal sphincter.

(A) True
(B) False

63
Q

Villi are s-designed to increase the absorptive surface area of the small​ intestine.

(A) True
(B) False

64
Q

Pancreatitis occurs when zymogens become activated within the​ pancreas.

(A) True
(B) False

65
Q

RYGB surgery involves ____.

(A) ​creating a pouch after the proximal and distal portions of the stomach are separated
(B) ​placing a band on the stomach and creating a pouch
(C) ​removing 85 percent of the stomach surgically
(D) ​connecting the esophagus directly to the duodenum

A

(A) ​creating a pouch after the proximal and distal portions of the stomach are separated

66
Q

The most common bariatric procedure performed in the United States is ____.​

(A) ​gastric banding
(B) ​sleeve gastrectomy
(C) ​RYGB
(D) ​biliopancreatic diversion

A

(C) ​RYGB

67
Q

Which nutritional deficiency occurs frequently following RYGB?​

(A) ​vitamin D
(B) ​protein
(C) ​fat
(D) ​vitamin C

A

(B) ​protein

68
Q

Deficiency of which vitamin is associated with neurological deficiencies?​

(A) ​vitamin D
(B) ​vitamin C
(C) ​vitamin A
(D) ​thiamin

A

(D) ​thiamin

69
Q

Deficiency of vitamin B12 occurs due to ____.​

(A) ​inflammation of the GI tract
(B) ​insufficient intrinsic factor
(C) ​a change in diet
(D) ​excessive stomach acid

A

(B) ​insufficient intrinsic factor

December CNS Exam (21 decks)

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