Gropper - digestive system Mechanism for Nourishing the Body Flashcards by Olga Arnold

Within the lamina propria, lying just below the epithelium, is the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), which ____.

(A) controls secretions from the mucosal glands
(B) contains white blood cells and protects against ingested microorganisms
(C) initiates peristalsis
(D) secretes mucus, hormones, and digestive juices into the lumen

(B) contains white blood cells and protects against ingested microorganisms

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Which structural component of the gastrointestinal tract lies within the muscularis externa and controls the contractions that cause motility?

(A) muscularis mucosae
(B) submucosal plexus
(C) myenteric plexus
(D) lumen

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Which structure is not considered an accessory organ?

(A) pancreas
(B) liver
(C) gallbladder
(D) spleen

(D) spleen

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Bile is most important for the digestion and absorption of ____.

(A) carbohydrates
(B) proteins
(C) fats
(D) vitamins

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A decrease in the function of the parotid glands is most likely to result in ____.

(A) a lack of triglyceride digestion
(B) bolus that is difficult to form
(C) saliva that is too thin, that is, a high water to mucus ratio
(D) diarrhea due to malabsorption

(B) bolus that is difficult to form

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What is the name of the digestive enzyme in saliva that digests starch?

(A) lipase
(B) synthetase
(C) amylase
(D) lactase

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Which substance is not a component of saliva?

(A) mucus
(B) enzymes
(C) water
(D) proteases

(D) proteases

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Endocrine cells of the pancreas are found in which structure?

(A) the pancreatic duct
(B) the islets of Langerhans
(C) the sphincter of Oddi
(D) the beta cells

(B) the islets of Langerhans

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Delayed gastric emptying is known as ____.

(A) cholecystitis
(B) cholelithiasis
(C) gastritis
(D) gastroparesis

(D) gastroparesis

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What product produced by neck cells in the oxyntic gland of the stomach protects the epithelium from mechanical and chemical damage?

(A) amylase
(B) pepsin
(C) gastrin
(D) mucus

(D) mucus

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Which cells, found both in the oxyntic glands and pyloric glands of the stomach, secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor?

(A) neck cells
(B) parietal cells
(C) chief cells
(D) enteroendocrine cells

(B) parietal cells

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Which cells, found in oxyntic glands in the body of the stomach, secrete pepsinogens?

(A) neck cells
(B) parietal cells
(C) chief cells
(D) enteroendocrine cells

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Which specialized cell of the gastric epithelium secretes a hormone?

(A) neck
(B) parietal
(C) chief
(D) G-cell

(D) G-cell

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The chief cells secrete ____.

(A) gastrin
(B) mucus
(C) zymogens
(D) hydrochloric acid

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The parietal cells secrete ____.

(A) hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
(B) intrinsic factor and gastrin
(C) gastrin and zymogens
(D) zymogens and hydrochloric acid

(A) hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

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Gastrin stimulates which cells?

(A) oxyntic cells
(B) parietal and chief cells
(C) pancreatic exocrine cells
(D) alpha cells

(B) parietal and chief cells

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When the pH of the stomach is increased to avoid GERD, over time, the stomach may not be acidic enough. What is the most likely outcome?

(A) lack of carbohydrate digestion
(B) decreased protein digestion
(C) destruction of bacteria in the stomach
(D) gastric ulcer

(B) decreased protein digestion

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Which glycoproteins bind water and are gel-forming?

(A) mucins
(B) proteoglycans
(C) prostaglandins
(D) zymogens

(A) mucins

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The product(s) of pepsin’s action is/are ____.

(A) disaccharides
(B) amylose
(C) short-chain fatty acids
(D) hydrolyzed proteins

(D) hydrolyzed proteins

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Pepcid, a drug that is classified as an H2 receptor blocker, acts by ____.

(A) inhibiting the secretion of hydrogen ions by the parietal cells
(B) inhibiting the release of acetylcholine by the vagus nerve
(C) inhibiting the binding of gastrin to the parietal cells
(D) inhibiting the binding of histamine to the parietal cells

(D) inhibiting the binding of histamine to the parietal cells

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Which medication inhibits hydrogen release into the gastric juice, which reduces GI mucosal irritation?

(A) Pepcid
(B) Nexium
(C) Tums
(D) Tagamet

(B) Nexium

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Which process allows gastric expansion with food intake with minimal impact on intragastric pressure?

(A) peristalsis
(B) receptive relaxation
(C) segmentation
(D) pendular movement

(B) receptive relaxation

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Pyloric glands are located predominantly ____.

(A) at the juncture of the esophagus and the stomach
(B) in the fundus and the body of the stomach
(C) in the antrum of the stomach
(D) in the cardiac portion of the stomach

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Which phrase best describes the function of the crypt of Lieberkühn?

(A) mucus secretion
(B) glucose oxidation
(C) cellular differentiation
(D) amylase secretion

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The pancreas is a digestive system accessory organ with two types of active tissue-the ductless endocrine cells that secrete insulin and glucagon and the ____. (A) liver-like cells that produce bile (B) ductless absorptive tissue that controls bicarbonate (C) acinar exocrine cells that produce digestive enzymes (D) erythropoietic cells that produce red blood cells

Pancreatic juice that enters the duodenum through the sphincter of Oddi contains all of the following EXCEPT ____. (A) digestive enzymes (B) intrinsic factor (C) anions such as bicarbonate and chloride (D) cations such as sodium, potassium, and calcium

(B) intrinsic factor

In which part of the brain is the swallowing center located? (A) the hypothalamus (B) the medulla oblongata (C) the thalamus (D) the pons

(B) the medulla oblongata

In which organ are enzymes produced that are responsible for digestion of 50 percent of carbohydrate and protein and 90 percent of fat? (A) liver (B) esophagus (C) pancreas (D) gallbladder

Which hormone's major action is to alkalize intestinal contents by stimulating secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas and by inhibiting gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying? (A) gastrin (B) secretin (C) cholecystokinin (D) GRP

(B) secretin

Dumping syndrome may be caused by ____. (A) bacterial infections (B) viral infections (C) partial removal of the stomach to treat obesity (D) gall stones

The hormone primarily responsible for contraction of the gallbladder and release of bile into the duodenum is ____. (A) gastrin (B) secretin (C) cholecystokinin (D) GRP

Bile salts are synthesized from cholesterol in the ____. (A) canaliculi (B) common bile duct (C) hepatocytes (D) gallbladder

The surface coat of microvilli is known as ____. (A) the glycocalyx (B) the crypts of Lieberkühn (C) motilin (D) proteases

(A) the glycocalyx

The total bile acid pool in the human body is 2.5 to 5 g. What percentage of bile is reabsorbed in the distal ileum? (A) 10 percent (B) 30 percent (C) 65 percent (D) 90 percent

(D) 90 percent

A large gall stone blocking the cystic duct might result in ____. (A) a reduction in the production of bile by the liver (B) an increase in bile production by the liver (C) enhancement of fat digestion (D) interference with fat digestion

(D) interference with fat digestion

Which substance is enterohepatically circulated? (A) pancreatic enzymes (B) bile (C) glucose (D) CCK

(B) bile

In general, in which portion of the gastrointestinal tract does most absorption occur? (A) esophagus (B) stomach (C) small intestine (D) colon

A common cause of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is the bacterium ____. (A) Escherichia coli (B) Helicobacter pylori (C) Staphylococcus aureus (D) Enterobacter aerogenes

(B) Helicobacter pylori

Which structure helps to prevent the migration of bacteria from the large intestine back into the small intestine? (A) the cecum (B) the appendix (C) the ileocecal valve (D) the ileum

Which hormone(s) is/are responsible for decreasing sodium absorption in the colon? (A) glucocorticoids (B) mineralocorticoids (C) vasopressin (D) glucagon

Which division of the nervous system decreases digestive tract motility and secretions? (A) parasympathetic (B) somatic (C) adrenergic (D) sympathetic

(D) sympathetic

Which hormone diminishes gastric acid secretion? (A) somatostatin (B) gastrin (C) cholecystokinin (D) pancreatic polypeptide

(A) somatostatin

Which hormone stimulates gall bladder contraction? (A) motilin (B) gastrin (C) cholecystokinin (D) secretin

A deficiency in secretion of cholecystokinin might lead to which problem? (A) a reduction in gastric acid production (B) difficulty digesting fats (C) difficulty digesting proteins (D) a buildup of intestinal gas

(B) difficulty digesting fats

When diagnosing lactose intolerance, ____ is measured in the breath following oral consumption of 50 g lactose. (A) methane (B) hydrogen (C) carbon dioxide (D) sulfur

(B) hydrogen

Lactose intolerance is least common in _____. (A) European Americans (B) African Americans (C) American Indians (D) Asian Americans

Which hormone decreases appetite? (A) peptide YY (B) motilin (C) secretin (D) pancreatic polypeptide

(A) peptide YY

Among the regulatory peptide molecules, some are recognized as true hormones. Which substance is a paracrine rather than a hormone? (A) somatostatin (B) secretin (C) cholecystokinin (D) gastrin

(A) somatostatin

Secretin is released from the enteroendocrine S-cell in the ____. (A) proximal small intestine (B) gastric mucosa (C) esophagus (D) colon

(A) proximal small intestine

Secretin stimulates HCl release. (A) True (B) False

(B) False

CCK stimulates pancreatic zymogen release. (A) True (B) False

(A) True

Leptin secretion stimulates the desire to eat. (A) True (B) False

(B) False

CCK stimulates the release of bile. (A) True (B) False

(A) True

GIP stimulates the release of a hormone from the pancreatic β-cells. (A) True (B) False

(A) True

Eating a meal stimulates ghrelin secretion. (A) True (B) False

(B) False

Ghrelin increases satiety. (A) True (B) False

(B) False

Gastrin stimulates gastric acid secretion. (A) True (B) False

(A) True

Peptide YY stimulates gastric acid secretion. (A) True (B) False

(B) False

Secretin stimulates gastric emptying. (A) True (B) False

(B) False

Short-chain fatty acids secreted by intestinal bacteria improve colonic and splanchnic blood flow. (A) True (B) False

(A) True

The predominant component of saliva is amylase. (A) True (B) False

(B) False

The fundus of the stomach lies below the gastroesophageal sphincter. (A) True (B) False

(B) False

Villi are s-designed to increase the absorptive surface area of the small intestine. (A) True (B) False

(A) True

Pancreatitis occurs when zymogens become activated within the pancreas. (A) True (B) False

(A) True

RYGB surgery involves ____. (A) creating a pouch after the proximal and distal portions of the stomach are separated (B) placing a band on the stomach and creating a pouch (C) removing 85 percent of the stomach surgically (D) connecting the esophagus directly to the duodenum

(A) creating a pouch after the proximal and distal portions of the stomach are separated

The most common bariatric procedure performed in the United States is ____. (A) gastric banding (B) sleeve gastrectomy (C) RYGB (D) biliopancreatic diversion

Which nutritional deficiency occurs frequently following RYGB? (A) vitamin D (B) protein (C) fat (D) vitamin C

(B) protein

Deficiency of which vitamin is associated with neurological deficiencies? (A) vitamin D (B) vitamin C (C) vitamin A (D) thiamin

(D) thiamin

Deficiency of vitamin B12 occurs due to ____. (A) inflammation of the GI tract (B) insufficient intrinsic factor (C) a change in diet (D) excessive stomach acid

(B) insufficient intrinsic factor