Primer 6 Flashcards by Olga Arnold

Avoiding sugar, fried foods, milk, and iodine can help minimize issues with this condition

Anorexia
Acne
AIDS
Alcoholism

Acne

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

For those with AIDS or other wasting syndromes, protein intake should be as high as

0 g/kg/d
5
0
5

2.0

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which two nutrients reduce oxidative stress and extend the latency period of the onset of symptoms, and inhibit HIV replication in those with HIV/AIDS?

Vit C and GSH
NAC and Vit B5
GSH and NAC
GSH and biotin

GSH and NAC

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which nutrients helps to increase the number of circulating CD4 helper T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes in those with HIV/AIDS?

Beta carotene
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
Vitamin E

beta carotene

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chromium, Vitamin A, vitamin E, selenium, and zinc are beneficial for those struggling with

Acne
Allergies and sensitivities
Alcoholism
Brusitis

Acne

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In people with acute bowel inflammation, fiber should be used to calm down the symptoms

True or False

False…restrict fiber…use no pulp juices, and cooked seedless low fiber options like asparagus, spinach, and beets

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chronic alcoholism can lead to fatty liver and excessive accumulation of which nutrient?

Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Vitamin A
Vitamin K

Vitamin A

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Thiamin deficiency due to alcoholism causes which condition which is characterized by mental confusion, memory loss, delusions, and amnesia?

Pellagra
Korsakoff’s syndrome
Beriberi
Wernicke’s encephalopathy

Korsakoff’s

Wernicke Disease (apathy, delusion, and delirium).

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Apathy, delusion, and delirium, caused by thiamin deficiency related to alcoholism is known as

Wernickes
Pellagra
Beriberi
Alcoholic dementia

Wernicke’s

Chronic thiamin deficiency combined with alcoholism often produces the Korsakoff Syndrome of mental confusion, memory loss, delusions, and amnesia or Wernicke Disease (apathy, delusion, and delirium). These may appear concurrently as Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (alcoholic dementia). There is no known upper safe limit of thiamin intake (prolonged intakes of 500 mg/day have been shown to be without adverse effects).

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Alcoholic dementia is another term for which of these

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Pellagra
Beriberi

WK syndrome

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Decreased GFR, ketosis, EKG abnormalities, intestinal atony, gallstones, osteopenia, brittle hair and nails, hypothyroidism, hypercortisolism, amenorrhea, and bone marrow suppression are signs of which?

Bulimia
Anorexia
Chemical sensitivites
HIV/AIDS

Anorexia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Common nutrient deficiencies with Anorexia include

EFAs, Ca, Zn, B12, folate, Electrolytes
B3, B5, EFAs, B6
Vit A, E, D, K

EFAs, Calcium, Zinc, B12, folate, and Electrolytes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nutritional therapy for Anorexia should start with which types of foods to reduce on-demand regurgitation?

Soft foods
Pureed foods
Complete liquid diets
Enteral feeding

Complete liquid diets

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bulimia has the same 6 nutrient deficiencies as anorexia.

True or False

True (EFAs, calcium, zinc, b12, folate, electrolytes)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In addition to the physiological signs seen in anorexia (ketosis, brittle hair/nails, EKG abnormalities, gallstones, gut atony, osteopenia, neuropathies), Bulimia also present with which?

Acid damage to mouth and upper GI
Mypoathy
Diarrhea
None of these
All of these

All of these

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Taurine, raw beets, choline, Spanish black radishes, inositol, Aloe, and methionine can increase the production of

Bile
Stomach acid
Amylase
Brush border enzymes

Bile

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

It’s important to not only improve bile production in biliary insufficiency, but also to promote bile flow. Which of these do that?

Cloves, cabbage, black tea
Artichokes, dandelion root, peppermint tea, rosemary
Asparagus, green tea, rhodiola
dandelion root, apple cider vinegar, nutmeg

Artichokes, dandelion, root, peppermint tea, and rosemary

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Burns require supplementation with

Calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper
Vitamin A, Vitamin D, magnesium, biotin
Vitamin K, Vitamin C, calcium, magnesium
Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and zinc

Vitamin A, C, E, and Zinc

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Gluten contains 50% of each of these:

Prolamins, glutenins
Prolamins, gliadomorphins
Proline, glutenins
Proline, gliadomorphins

Prolamins and Glutenins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of these induces gluten sensitivity?

Prolamins
Glutenins

Prolamins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Prolamins are also in oats, barely, and rye.

True or False

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Wheat contains which prolamin

Gliadin
Avenin
Hordein
Secalin

Gliadin

wheat contains gliadin,
oats contain avenin,
barley contains hordein
rye contains secalin.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Rye contains which prolamin

Gliadin
Avenin
Hordein
Secalin

secalin

wheat contains gliadin,
oats contain avenin,
barley contains hordein
rye contains secalin.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Barley contains which prolamin?

Gliadin
Avenin
Hordein
Secalin

Hordein

wheat contains gliadin,
oats contain avenin,
barley contains hordein
rye contains secalin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Oats contain which prolamin? Gliadin Avenin Hordein Secalin

Avenin

Acylcarnitine deficiency is a metabolic abnormality found in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) True or False

True

Approximately how many days after emerging do differentiated colonocytes undergo apoptosis and are exfoliated? 3 6 9 12

3 days

SCFAs and colonocytes are in dynamic tension. Too much SCFAs ______ cell proliferation, while too little -____ apoptosis. Both events _______ risk for cancer slow, stimulate, increase slow, stimulate, decrease stimulate, slow, increase stimulate, slow, decrease

stimulate, slow, increase

Colonocyte proliferation requires which? Polyamines Proteases Proline Glutamine

Polyamines

What is the rate limiting enzyme for polyamine synthesis? Protease Amylase Diamine Oxidase Glutamine dehydrogenase

Diamine Oxidase

Diamine oxidase is stimulated by meat and alcohol. An increase in DAO function is associated with an _____ in colorectal cancer risk Decrease Increase

Increase

What inhibits diamine oxidase? (more than 1) Olive Oil Calcium Coconut Oil Sunflower Oil

Olive oil and calcium (to bind to bile salts)

Why is it important for calcium to bind bile salts to reduce diamine oxidase activity?

Because secondary bile salts increase DAO activity Diamine oxidase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the pathway of polyamine synthesis. Polyamines are required for colonocyte proliferation. Diamine oxidase does not affect colonocyte apoptosis; increased diamine oxidase activity increases colonocyte numbers without a compensating increase in apoptotic rate. Increased diamine oxidase activity in the colon is associated with increased risk for colorectal cancer. Diamine oxidase activity is stimulated by meat and alcohol and is inhibited by olive oil and by calcium binding to bile salts.

Which supplemental mineral can attenuate postprandial hyperglycemia? Zinc Picolinate Chromium nicotinate Magnesium citrate Boron

Chromium nicotinate

Which botanicals can be used to help with poor glycemic control? Colosolic Acid, Gymnema, Fenugreek, Tamarind Ashwagandha, Rhodiola, Artichoke Ginkgo, Goldenseal, Sassafrass

Colosolic acid, Gymnema, Fenugreek, Tamarind

What is the disease where extravaginations of the colonic wall caused by chronically elevated colonic pressures resulting in difficulty propelling small, dry ,hard fecal materials occur ? IBS Crohns Diverticulosis Celiac

Diverticulosis

Treatment for diverticulosis includes: Low fat, high fiber, increased water, avoid nut/seeds High fat, low fiber, increased water, eat nuts/seeds

Low fat, high fiber, increased water, avoid nuts/seeds From 10% to 25% of patients with diverticulosis develop diverticulitis. Therapy consists of a low fat, high fiber diet (45 g/day to 55 g/day of soluble fiber), 2 to 3 liters of water daily, and avoidance of seeds, nuts and plant skins that may damage extravaginated sections of the colonic wall.

People with dumping syndrome would be told to do the following except ``` Reduce meal size/increase frequency High protein/moderate fat/low starch Avoid fluids with meals Avoid milk and sugars Supplement with MCTs Do not lie down after a meal ```

Do not like down after a meal....they ARE encouraged to lie down after a meal

Crohn's can involve the entire GI tract, but is usually limited to the small intestine or colon. True or False

True

Which SCFA inhibits activation of NF-kappaB in macrophages in those with IBD? Acetate Proprionate Butyrate

Butyrate

What can stimulate the recovery of damaged villi in IBD? Enzymes Pectin Omega 3s Probiotics

Pectin

Is bowel rest indicated with IBD?

No....can cause starvation of colonocytes and enterocytes when bowel rest is required (for example, acute symptomatic inflammatorybowel disease, acute pancreatitis, or intestinal fistulae);

Which amino acid stimulates proliferation enterocytes/colonocytes and accelerates lesion healing in IBD? Glutamine Arginine Lysine Glycine

Glutamine

Herbs for IBD include Boswellia serrata, Uncaria tomentosa (cat's claw), and goldendeal. Why are these used? Boswellia Uncaria, cat's claw Goldenseal inhibits bacterial adhesion to enterocytes inhibits 5-LOX and leukotriene synth. inhibits NO productions and NF-KappaB activation.

Boswellia inhibits 5-LOX and leukotriene synth. Uncaria, cat's claw inhibits NO productions and NF-KappaB activation. Goldenseal inhibits bacterial adhesion to enterocytes

Garlic, ginger, licorice root, slippery elm bark, turmeric, and white willow bark are useful in IBD because they are Pro-kinetic Anti-inflammatory Anti-diarrheal Microbial balancers

Anti-inflammatory

Artemesia, garlic, goldenseal are useful in IBD because they are Pro-kinetic Anti-inflammatory Anti-diarrheal Microbial balancers

Microbial balance focused

For intestinal gas that has an odor, which is useful? HCL Digestive Enzymes Antacids Bile Acids

Digestive enzymes

Which is common in chronic renal failure? Osteoporosis Celiac Disease Hyperlipidemia Hypovitaminosis D

Hyperlipidemia Because of the high incidence of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in individuals in chronic renal failure, a diet providing less than 30% of total calories from fats, less than 20% from saturated fats, and less than 300 mg/day of cholesterol is necessary. A high proportion of complex carbohydrates should replace dietary fat. Omega-3-fattyacids and L- carnitine may be used to reduce circulating triglyceride concentrations. saturated fat: 20 g (to provide no more than 10% of total dietary calories)

When GFR is very low, it is important to restrict phosphorous. True or False What is the recomendation?

True....phosphate binders are commonly recommended

Which is common in Chronic renal failure? Hypocalcemia Hypercalcemia

Hypocalcemia

How much calcium do people in end stage renal disease need to maintain calcium homeostasis? 800-1000 mg/day 1000-1200 mg/day 1200-1600 mg/day 2000 mg/day

1200-1600 mg/day

Which is more common in Chronic renal failure? Hypomagnesemia Hypermagnesemia

Hypermagnesemia

Respiratory failure requires an ______ in protein needs. Increase Decrease

Increase

Why should high CHO diets be avoided with respiratory failure?

The CO2 produced from the oxidation of CHOs can exceed the excretory capacity of the compromised lungs.

The Respiratory Quotient is CO2 expired/O2 consumed O2 expired/CO2 consumed Energy needed to inhale/exhale

CO2 expired/O2 consumed

Rank these in order of least to greatest Respiratory Quotients Carbs Fats Proteins Mixed diet

Fats (0.7) Proteins (0.8) Mixed Diet (0.85) Carbs (1.0)

Which kind of fats should be avoided in Short Bowel Syndrome? MCTs Long chain fatty acids Short chain

Long chain ... they stimulate contractions and induce diarrhea

For energy balance in Short Bowel syndrome, use which? MCTs Dietary Fiber Sucrose All of these What should be avoided?

all of these AVOID starch and LCFA

In steatorrhea, substitute______ for _____ LCFAs, MCTs MCT, LCFAs SCFA, LCFAs

MCTs, for LCFAs

Zinc carnosine supplementation contributes to the reduction of the incidence of Skeletal muscle weakness Obesity GERD Insulin Resistance

Skeletal muscle weakness ... zinc is required for protein synthesis

Dumping syndrome is accompanied by symptoms of Acute gastritis Peptic ulcer disease Intestinal malabsorption Faintness, weakness, and profuse perspiration

faintness, weakness, profuse perspiration

Dietary modifications for an individual with uncomplicated infectious hepatitis include Restricting fluid intake to less than 2000 ml daily Restricting fat intake to less than 30g daily Restricting protein intake to less than 30 g daily Increasing energy intake to more than 3000 kcal daily

Increasing energy intake to > 3000 kcal/d Anorexia is a common symptom of hepatitis...energy consumption is critical