Primer Material Section 1A-1H Flashcards
Which 2 enzymes occur in the mouth?
Pepsin
Protease
amylase
Lipase
Amylase and lipase
In the stomach, which enzyme breaks down triacylglycerols into FFAs and Diacylglycerols?
Protease
Lipase
Amylase
Maltase
Lipase
Pepsinogen is secreted by the chief cells in the stomach
True of False
True
chief cells of the stomach secrete lipase, which breaks down dietary triglycerides (triacylglycerols) into free fatty acids and diglycerides (diacylglycerols), and pepsinogen (the precursor of pepsin, which initiates the hydrolysis of food proteins).
Which cells secrete lipase in the stomach?
Chief cells
Parietal cells
Mucous cells
Chief cells
the chief cells of the stomach secrete lipase, and pepsinogen
lipase, which breaks down dietary triglycerides (triacylglycerols) into free fatty acids and diglycerides (diacylglycerols)
pepsinogen (the precursor of pepsin, which initiates the hydrolysis of food proteins).
Gastrin acts on gastric parietal and chief cells to stimulate intragastric secretion of HCL and pepsinogen, respectively.
Which cells secrete intrinsic factor and HCL?
Chief cells
Parietal cells
Mucous cells
Parietal Cells
the chief cells of the stomach secrete LIPASE, which breaks down dietary triglycerides (triacylglycerols) into free fatty acids and diglycerides (diacylglycerols), and PEPSINOGEN (the precursor of pepsin, which initiates the hydrolysis of food proteins).
Which cells secrete bicarb to protect the stomach lining?
Chief cells
Parietal cells
Mucous cells
Mucous cells
Which hormone acts on the parietal and chief cells to stimulate the secretion of HCL and pepsinogen?
Leptin
Ghrelin
Gastrin
CCK
Gastrin
Which sections of the small intestine are where the majority of nutrient absorption occurs?
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Duodenum and jejunum Jejunum and ileum
Jejunum and ileum
Acidic chyme in the proximal duodenum triggers the release of which hormone that is responsible for stimulating the secretion of bicarb into the duct system?
Ghrelin
Secretin
Gastrin
CCK
Secretin
The presence of what in the proximal duodenum triggers the release of CCK ?
Carbs Fats Proteins Fats and / or proteins all of the above
fats and/ or proteins
Cholecystokinin is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein
Which stimulates the release of zymogens by the pancreas AND stimulates the gallbladder to contract and expel bile in the common bile duct?
CCK
Gastrin
Secretin
Ghrelin
CCK - Cholecystokinin
Concurrently, fat or protein entering the proximal duodenum stimulate duodenal secretion of cholecystokinin into the systemic circulation. Cholecystokinin stimulates pancreatic secretion of zymogens (inactive digestive enzyme precursors) into the ductal system and stimulates gall bladder contraction, propelling bile into the common bile duct.
Which enzyme is required for the conversion of trypsinogen to trypsin?
Lipase
Enterokinase
Peptidase
Invertase
Enterokinase
ALL the zymogens (inactive digestive enzyme precursors) secreted by the pancreas rely on trypsin for their conversion to active forms.
True or False
True! So without enterokinase activity, there’s no trypsin and no others can be activated
When pancreatic zymogens reach the small intestine, enterokinase
secreted by duodenal enterocytes converts trypsinogen to trypsin. The enterokinase enzyme
is absolutely required for trypsin activation. In turn, trypsin converts the other zymogens to
elastase, chymotrypsin, colipase, carboxypeptidase A and carboxypeptidase B.
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase require which amino acid in their active sites?
Proline
Serine
Lysine
Histidine
Serine
Which mineral do carboxypeptidases (secreted from the pancreas) require to function?
Magnesium
Zinc
Selenium
Copper
Zinc
Carboxypeptidases are zinc-requiring metalloenzyme exopeptidases that cleave single carboxyterminal amino acids from polypeptides.
Which brush border enzymes complete the final stages of hydrolysis for carbs and proteins (includes oligosaccharidases, disaccharidaes, and peptidases)?
Endozymes
Ectozymes
Ectozymes
Associated with and attached to microvillar surfaces of the small intestine are ectozymes
(oligosaccharidases, disaccharidases and pepidases) produced by enterocytes. These brush
border enzymes complete the final steps in the hydrolysis of amylase-digested carbohydrates to
monosaccharides and of protease-digested proteins to absorbable free amino acids, dipeptides
and tripeptides.
Gastric pepsin and lipase function optimally at which pH
3-4
- 5-6.5
- 75-7.00
- 5-3.5
1.5-3.5
Salivary amylase functions best at which pH
3-4
- 5-6.5
- 75-7.00
- 5-3.5
6.75-7.00
Which are collections of lipid soluble dietary subcomponents surrounded by a layer of water soluble bile salts?
Micelles
Chylomicrons
Liposomes
Micelles
Monoglycerides, free fatty acids, cholesterol, phospholipid digestion products and other fat- soluble food components cannot readily penetrate the unstirred water layer that separates the epithelial surface of the small intestine from the intestinal lumen. Their absorption depends on their ability to aggregate spontaneously with bile salts and become incorporated within vaguely spherical clusters of bile salts called micelles. Micelles are collections of lipid soluble dietary subcomponents surrounded by a layer of water soluble bile salts. The solubility characteristics of the bile salt layer allows ready penetration of the unstirred water layer by micelles; the complex breaks down upon reaching the brush border, allowing rapid diffusion of their lipid components down concentration gradients into enterocytes.
Which are secreted into lacteals from the endoplasmic reticulum of the enterocytes and contain lipids and lipid soluble compounds and are protein-coated to make them water soluble?
Micelles
Chylomicrons
Liposomes
Chylomicrons
Within the endoplasmic reticulum of enterocytes, lipids and lipid soluble compounds are repackaged into large protein-coated (and therefore water soluble) chylomicrons that are secreted into the lacteals, flow through the lymphatic system and enter the circulation via the thoracic duct.
Dietary fats and cholesterol are presented to the circulation in the form of chylomicrons. Relatively short-lived, chylomicrons are dissembled in the liver and their components repackaged into a family of lipoproteins containing triacylglycerols (triglycerides), cholesterol esters, and phospholipids in varying ratios and loosely coated with solubilizing and receptor ligand proteins: very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL) (remnants of partially depleted VLDL), and high density lipoproteins (HDL).
Which method of absorption uses water and electrolytes to cross tight junctions between adjacent enterocytes?
Passive diffusion Facilitated diffusion Filtration Osmotic movement Active transport
Osmotic movement
Which method of absorption uses hydrostatic pressure to drive movement of solutes and water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher hydrostatic pressure to one of lower hydrostatic pressure?
Passive diffusion Facilitated diffusion Filtration Osmotic movement Active transport
Filtration
Which method of absorption utilizes potential energy created by difference in nutrient concentration across a membrane from higher to lower concentrations?
Passive diffusion Facilitated diffusion Filtration Osmotic movement Active transport
Passive diffusion
Passive diffusion (simple diffusion) utilizes the potential energy created by a difference in nutrient concentration across a membrane to move nutrients from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Lipid soluble compounds enter intestinal cells by passive diffusion from the brush border into the cell cytosol.
Lipids and lipid soluble compounds enter intestinal cells by
Passive diffusion Facilitated diffusion Filtration Osmotic movement Active transport
Passive diffusion
Which method of absorption is when the nutrient is attached to a lipid soluble membrane carrier protein that passes through the with nutrient and moves down the concentration gradient?
Passive diffusion Facilitated diffusion Filtration Osmotic movement Active transport
Facilitated diffusion (carrier-mediated transport)
Most carbohydrates are transported across
biological membranes via facilitated diffusion.
Most CHOs are transported across the membrane via
Passive diffusion Facilitated diffusion Filtration Osmotic movement Active transport
Facilitated diffusion
carrier-mediated transport
Carrier-mediated diffusion is another name for
Passive diffusion Facilitated diffusion Filtration Osmotic movement Active transport
Facilitated diffusion
in facilitated diffusion the nutrient is attached to a lipid soluble membrane carrier protein that easily passes through membranes even with the attached nutrient. Most carbohydrates are transported across biological membranes via facilitated diffusion.
Simple diffusion is another name for
Passive diffusion Facilitated diffusion Filtration Osmotic movement Active transport
Passive diffusion
Which method of absorption moves a nutrient through mucosal cell membranes against a concentration gradient, requiring a receptor and the use of ATP?
Passive diffusion Facilitated diffusion Filtration Osmotic movement Active transport
Active transport
Most amino acids and ions are absorbed by
Passive diffusion Facilitated diffusion Filtration Osmotic movement Active transport
Active transport
Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT) secretes which substance and comprises how much of the immune cells in the body?
Secretory IgG, 30-40%
Secretory IgA, 40-50%
Secretory IgM, 50-60%
Secretory IgA, 50-60%
Secretory IgA, 50-60%
Which substances are possibly useful for determining intestinal permeability?
Mannitol, Lactose
Mannose, Lactulose
Mannitol, Lactulose
Mannose, Lactose
Mannitol (small, absorbable, and non-metabolized), Lactulose (large, normally not absorbed, non-metabolized)
The highest tissue content of glutathione is in the human ___ and ______ _____.
gastric and duodenal epithelia.
Which is the primary source of enterocyte fuel, supplies the substrates for polyamine and DNA production, and is the rate-limiting precursor for glutathione production?
Glutamine Cysteine Butyrate Glutamate Pyruvate
Glutamine
When this amino acid is inadequate, apoptosis is accelerated and compensatory cellular proliferation is stunted in the gut.
Glutamate
Glycine
Cysteine
Glutamine
Glutamine
What are the 3 types of fiber?
Soluble, insoluble, nonfermentable
Beta glucans, gums, mucilages, pectins are types of which class of fiber?
Soluble
Insoluble
Nonfermentable
Soluble
Oat hulls, methylcellulose, and wood pulp are types of which class of fiber?
Soluble
Insoluble
Nonfermentable
Nonfermentable
Celluloses and lignans are which types of fiber?
Soluble
Insoluble
Nonfermentable
Insoluble
Hemicellulose is both soluble and insoluble.
True or False
True
In excess, which type of fiber can impair fat and fat-soluble vitamin absorption due to lipase inhibition?
Soluble
Insoluble
Nonfermentable
soluble
Which type of fiber increases bacterial mass of stool, decreases glucose absorption, and dilutes pathogens and toxins?
Soluble
Insoluble
Nonfermentable
Nonfermentable
These food components function in the human colon to increase the bacterial mass ofthe stool (by adhesion), decrease the absorption of glucose and increase the glucose content of stool (by interfering with carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine), dilute pathogens and toxins in digesta and stool, increase rate of passage (decreases colonocyte “toxin exposure
time” by distending the colonic mucosa and stimulating peristaltic contractions), inhibit the inflammatory responses to bacterial infections (by “blocking” microbial access to the intestinal mucosa), and inhibit phagocytotic capacity of intestinal macrophages (possibly by interfering with macrophage-secreted oxidizing compounds).
Lactobacilli, Streptococci, and yeast are most commonly found together in which part of GI system?
Stomach and duodenum
Jejunum and ileum
Colon
Stomach and duodenum
In addition to Lactobacili, Streptococci, Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroides, Bifidobacteria, and Fusobacteria, which section of the GI tract also contains Pseudomonas, Clostridia, Proteus, and protozoa?
Stomach and duodenum
Jejunum and ileum
Colon
Colon
Lactobacilli, Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococci, Bacteroides, Bifidobacteria
and Fusobacteria are predominantly found where in the GI tract?
Stomach and duodenum
Jejunum and ileum
Colon
Jejunum and Ileum
Small pH differences along the small intestine favor Lactobacilli, Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococci, Bacteroides, Bifidobacteria
and Fusobacteria in the human jejunumand ileum.
Which is the most common microorganism in the GI tract AND in breastmilk?
Lactobacilli
Bifidobacterium
Proteus
Bacteroidetes
Bifidobacterium accounts for roughly 50% of GI tract
Which organism accounts for about 25% of GI tract bacteria and produces lactic acid and SCFAs?
Lactobacilli
Bifidobacterium
Proteus
Bacteroidetes
Lactobacilli
Which organism is in small and large intestine? It antagonizes Candida, inhibits cholera toxin, inhibits amoeba adhesion, and is effective at treating rotoviral diarrhea?
Lactobacilli
Bifidobacterium
Proteus
Saccharomyces boulardii
Saccharomyces boulardii
Which SCFA is metabolized by colonocytes into Acetyl CoA for energy and the is also useful for formation and maintenance of tight junctions?
Acetate
Proprionate
Butyrate
Butyrate
Breastfed infants have over 90% of this organism in their GI tract.
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
Bifidobacterium lactis
Bifidobacterium infantis
Saccharomyces boulardii
Bifido infantis
Feeding infants formula _______ diversity/colonization, and ____ risk of gastroenteritis and sepsis.
Decreases, decreases
decreases, increases
Increases, decreases
Increases, increases
decreases, increases
Low fiber results in an ____ of colonic pH and a _____ of butyrate availability.
Decreases, decreases
decreases, increases
Increases, decreases
Increases, increases
Increases, decreases
When dietary sugars are not completely digested, hyperacidification occurs in the colon and there is an increase of which gas?
SH2
NO
CO2
SO2
SH2
Incomplete digestion of dietary sugars will increase the amount of fermentable nonfiber carbohydrate reaching the colon. Fermentation of sugars within the colon results in hyperacidification of intraluminal pH and an increase in microbial production of SH2. This gas readily enters colonocytes where it acts as an inhibitor of enzymatic conversion of butyrate to acetyl CoA. Intracolonocyte acetyl CoA deficiency produces “leaky tight junctions” with an increase in intestinal permeability, as well as increased risk for energy deficit in colonocytes.
Intestinal gas is composed of various amounts of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and methane
SH2 - Hydrogen sulfide CO2 - Carbon dioxide N2 - nitrogen H2 - hydrogen CH4 - methane
SO2 - Sulfur dioxide (burnt match smell) - NOT intestinal gas
NO - NOT intestinal gas
Which gas inhibits the conversion of butyrate into acetyl CoA and increases risk for colorectal cancer and leaky tight junctions as a result?
SH2
NO
CO2
SO2
SH2, Hydrogen sulfide
Prebiotics are usually oligomers, like fructans (fructooligosaccharides; FOS). Which species is increased with FOS supplementation due to their converting the FOS into buyrate (but not lactic acid)?
Lactobacilli
Bifidobacterium
Proteus
Saccharomyces boulardii
Bifidobacterium
How long would it likely take to reseed a gut with daily ingestion of probiotics (10 billion CFUs)?
3 months
6 months
9 months
12 months
6 months
Which causes the intestinal smooth muscles to contract? to push food along the tract?
Secretin
CCK
Acetylcholine
Epinephrine
Acetylcholine
Which is secreted after the GI tract is emptied and relaxes the stomach and intestinal muscles and decreases blood flow to them?
Secretin
CCK
Acetylcholine
Epinephrine
Epinephrine
Preterm infants are fully able to digest and absorb fats.
True or false
False
How many months after birth before an infant can digest starches and animal fats?
3
6
9
12
6
Which process does HCL induce in the stomach?
Hydrolysis
Evaporation
Denaturation
Distallation
Denaturation
True digestibility of fatty acids
65-75%
75-85%
85-95%
> 95%
> 95%
Which is a brush border enzyme?
Sucrase
Protease
Amylase
HCL
Sucrase
also lactase and maltase
Increased glucose stimulates _____ within pancreatic beta-cells?
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenesis
Glycolysis
Glycogenolysis
Glycolysis
Rate of ________ Production is proportional to rates of glycolysis and TCA cycling. When ____ is elevated, it causes a(n) ______ in insulin synthesis/secretion.
NAD, NAD, increase
NADPH, NADH, decrease
NADH, NADH, increase
NADH, NADPH, decrease
NADH, NADH, increase
Which hormone stimulates the GLUT4 receptor, glycogenesis, glycolysis, increased TG storage in adipocytes, and protein synthesis d/t increased AA uptake?
Epinephrine
Insulin
Glucagon
Dopamine
Insulin
When glucose is low, what happens to the rate of lipolysis and plasma FFA concentration?
Decreases
Increases
Unaffected
both increase
When FFA plasma concentration is increased, the FFAs ______ with Tryptophan, T3, and T4 for transporter binding sites, causing an ______ in Free Trp, T3, and T4.
Bind, increase
Bind, decrease
Compete, increase
Compete, decrease
Compete, increase
What happens to serotonin synthesis when concentrations of free Trp are increased?
Decreases
Increases
Unaffected
Increases
Increased insulin results in _______ serotonin synthesis.
Decreased
Increased
Unaffected
decreased (due to the higher glucose concentration that triggers the insulin level reducing lipolysis, which reduces FFAs that compete with with Trp … so Trp stays on the transporter and isn’t free to enter serotonin synthesis)
When glucose is low, what is secreted and from where to stimulate hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis from Amino acids?
Insulin, beta cells
Insulin, alpha cells
glucagon, alpha cells
glucagon, beta cells
glucagon, alpha cells
Decreased plasma glucose concentration also triggers secretion of glucagon by pancreatic α-cells. After its secretion into the circulation by the pancreas, glucagon acts to stimulate hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis from amino acids.
Prolonged CHO deprivation ____ total and free T4, which ____ BMR.
Increases, increases
Increases, decreases
Decreases, increases
Decreases, decreases
Decreases, decreases
Low glucose stimulates glucocorticoid release from where?
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
Pancreatic beta cells
Pancreatic alpha cells
Adrenal cortex
Decreased plasma glucose concentration stimulates glucocorticoid secretion by the adrenal cortex.
Decreased plasma glucose concentration stimulates epinephrine secretion by the adrenal medulla.
Glucocorticoids ______ protein catabolism
Inhibit
Stimulate
Stimulate
Epinephrine is released due to ____ glucose levels.
High
Low
Low
What secretes epinephrine?
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
Pancreatic beta cells
Pancreatic alpha cells
Adrenal medulla
How does epinephrine affect glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and TG lipolysis in hepatocytes?
Stimulates it
Inhibits it
Stimulates it
Increased thyroid hormones affect glycolysis and BMR how?
Stimulates and increases
Inhibits and decreases
stimulates and increases
What is produced in the stomach to stimulate food intake?
Leptin
Lectin
Ghrelin
Insulin
Ghrelin
____ is produced in the ____ and signals satiety.
Ghrelin, stomach
Leptin, fat tissue
Insulin, pancreas
CCK, liver
Leptin, fat tissue
Leptin resistance can occur in obesity and inflammation.
True or False
True
Which hormone enhances insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis by down regulating gluconeogenesis and increasing FFA oxidation? (it can also inhibit inflammation)
Leptin
Insulin
Epinephrine
Adiponectin
Adiponectin
Having a significant role in obesity, Type 2 Diabetes and atherosclerosis, this is a hormone that
has a central metabolic role. It specifically enhances insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis
by down-regulating gluconeogenisis and increasing fatty acid oxidation. It may also have a role in
inflammation inhibition.
Which method of inheritance occurs when both parents carry the expressed gene?
Autosomal dominant Autosomal recessive X linked Recessive X linked Dominant Y linked
Autosomal recessive (both have to have it so offspring is homozygous)
Which method of inheritance occurs when the expressed phenotype only comes from 1 parent?
Autosomal dominant Autosomal recessive X linked Recessive X linked Dominant Y linked
Autosomal dominant…the offspring is heterozygous but expresses the trait
Which method of inheritance affects only fathers and their sons?
Autosomal dominant Autosomal recessive X linked Recessive X linked Dominant Y linked
Y linked
Which method of inheritance affects male offspring more than female, while both parents are unaffected and mom is usually an asymptomatic carrier?
Autosomal dominant Autosomal recessive X linked Recessive X linked Dominant Y linked
X linked recessive
Which method of inheritance affects female offspring more than males?
Autosomal dominant Autosomal recessive X linked Recessive X linked Dominant Y linked
X linked dominant
Pentoses and hexoses are
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Monosaccharides
The common pentoses are ribose and deoxyribose (the essential
components of nucleic acids).
The most common hexoses are galactose, glucose (sometimes called dextrose), and fructose.
These monosaccharides are found commonly in fruits, honey, maple sugar, cane sugar and other
“sweet” plant products.
Galactose, glucose, and fructose are examples of
Pentoses
Hexoses
hexoses
Ribose and deoxyribose are
Pentoses
Hexoses
Pentoses
Disaccharides are 2 monosaccharides linked together.
True
False
True
Lactose, maltose, and sucrose are
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Disaccharides
Lactose is
Glucose + galactose
Glucose + lactose
Glucose + fructose
Glucose plus galactose
Sucrose is
Glucose + galactose
Glucose + lactose
Glucose + fructose
Glucose plus fructose
Oligosaccharides are polysaccharides that are
Hydrolyzable
Not hydrolyzable
Hydrolyzable
Oligosaccharides are composed of monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic bonds
susceptible to hydrolysis by human enzymes. Polysaccharides are long chain oligosaccharides
that contain two or more monosaccharides linked together in a repeating pattern.
Dietary fibers are polysaccharides that are
Hydrolyzable
Not hydrolyzable
not hydrolyzable
Which type of fiber binds water, softens stool, slows the rate of stomach emptying, and binds glucose/cholesterol?
Soluble
Which type of fiber adds stool bulk and increases frequency, binds bile salts and conjugated steroids?
Insoluble
Beta glucans, mucilages, pectins…are which type of fiber?
Soluble
Cellulose and hemicellulose are which type of fiber?
Insoluble
Essential AAs?
Phe Val Trp Thr Ile Met His Leu Lys
primer: The essential amino acids (arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine,
lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine)
Conditionally essential AAs? (8)
according to primer: However, under certain physiologic conditions of intensively increased requirement, arginine, cysteine, glutamine and tyrosine can become essential (during times when endogenous synthetic capacity
is exceeded by needs) and have been termed “conditionally essential amino acids.”
according to many websites: arginine, cysteine, glutamine, tyrosine, glycine, ornithine, proline, and serine
All - Ala Girls - Gly Go - Glu Crazy - Cys Going - Gln Out - Orn Prom - Pro Shopping - Ser
Non-essential AAs? (10)
Alanine, Asparagine, Glutamate, Glutamine, Cysteine, Aspartate, Glycine, Tyrosine, Proline and Serine.
Which is major source of dietary sulfur?
Methionine
Proline
Glutamine
Cysteine
Methionine
The aromatic AAs are important for the CNS. Which are they? (3)
Trp, Tyr, Phe
phenylalanine is converted to tyrosine and
tyrosine and tryptophan are converted into neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine).
Val, Leu, Ile are important fuel for voluntary muscles. Collectively, what are they referred to as?
BCAAs
Coconut, palm, and palm kernel are sources of which type of Saturated Fatty Acid?
Palmitic
Stearic
Palmitic
Sources of Stearic acid?
Seafood
Meat, milk, butter, cocoa
Nuts and seeds
Meat milk butter cocoa
What type of MUFA do olives, almonds, avocadoes, peanuts, pecans, and macadamia nuts provide?
Oleic
Safflower, sunflower, corn, hemp, sesame are sources of which?
Linoleic
Linolenic
EPA
DHA
Linoleic
Flax, canola, walnuts, soy, dark green leafy veggies are sources of which?
Linoleic
Linolenic
EPA
DHA
Linolenic
linoleic acid (18:2ω6; sources: safflower, sunflower, corn, soybean and sesame oils, hemp and pumpkin
Borage oil, black currant seed, and EPO are sources of
EPA
DHA
GLA
AA
GLA
Medium chain fatty acids have how many carbons?
4-6
7-12
13-20
7-12
Long chain FAs have how many carbons?
> 14
Pyrimidines and purines are types of
Organic acids
Nucleic Acids
Minerals
Vitamins
Nucleic Acids
Which is an organic compound required by an enzyme in order for it to function and is consumed in the reaction and requires regeneration for use again later?
Cofactor
Coenzyme
Regulatory protein
Coenzyme
Which is required for full activation of the enzyme, functions as part of the enzyme, and is not consumed by the reaction?
Cofactor
Coenzyme
Regulatory protein
Cofactor
Which is the hydrolysis of the glycogen stores in the liver and muscle to glucose monomers?
Glycogenesis
Glycolysis
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Which converts glucose into pyruvate?
Glycogenesis
Glycolysis
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Glycolysis
Which creates the polysaccharide storage chain of glycogen polymers are created from glucose monomers.
Glycogenesis
Glycolysis
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenesis
Following glycolysis, which enzyme activates pyruvate for entry into the mitochondria for the TCA cycle and requires B1, B2, B3, B5, lipoic?
Pyruvate hydrogenase
Pyruvate carboxylase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Pyruvate decarboxylase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Mitochondria-less cells, like RBCs, cannot convert pyruvate for energy through a TCA cycle. Instead, they convert it into _____ using _____ (enzyme).
Oxygen, oxygen synthase
Lactate, lactate dehydrogenase
Glycogen, glycogen synthase
glucose, none
Lactate, LDH
The TCA cycle metabolizes the acetyl-CoA into CO2. Which enzyme in the cycle is irreversible?
Aconitase
Citrate synthase
Succinate dehydrogenase
Fumarase
Citrate synthase
TCA is aerobic.
True or False
True
The Pentose Mononphosphate Shunt is an alternate path of glucose metabolism. It synthesizes pentoses and
CO2
NO
NAD+
NADPH2
NADPH2
Which is the primary hepatic pathway for de novo glucose synthesis from lactate, pyruvate, or alanine?
Glycogenesis
Glycolysis
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis is the exact reverse of glycolysis.
True or False
FALSE … 3 glycolytic enzymes are irreversible: pyruvate kinase, glucokinase, and phosphofructokinase
In gluconeogenesis, since pyruvate kinase is irreversible, pyruvate is first converted to what by which enzyme, and which cofactor does that enzyme need?
Lactate, LDH, NADH
Citrate, citrate synthase, FADH2
Oxaloacetate, Pyruvate carboxylase, biotin
PEP, PEP carboxylase, GTP
Oxaloacetate, pyruvate carboxylase, biotin
The second step of bypassing pyruvate kinase in gluconeogenesis creates which product using which enzyme and which cofactor?
Lactate, LDH, NADH
Citrate, citrate synthase, FADH2
Oxaloacetate, Pyruvate carboxylase, biotin
PEP, PEP carboxylase, GTP
PEP, PEP carboxylase, GTP
In gluconeogenesis, 1 glucose is formed from how many Pyruvate, ATP, and GTP?
2 pyruvate, 1 ATP, 1 GTP
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 1 GTP
1 pyruvate, 1 ATP, 1 GTP
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 1 GTP
The Alanine cycle involves the conversion of pyruvate to alanine in muscle cells. Alanine is sent to the _____ to be converted back to ____ which is then made into ____?
Kidneys, glucose, pyruvate
Liver, lactate, glucose
Liver, pyruvate, glucose
Kidney, pyruvate, glucose
LIVER….converted back to PYRUVATE…then hepatic gluconeogenesis converts the pyruvate into GLUCOSE
After LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase) converts pyruvate to Lactate in the RBCs, it is cycled to the liver where it is converted back to pyruvate and then into glucose. What is this cycle called?
The Alanine Cycle
The Lactate-Glucose cycle
The Cori Cycle
The Pyruvate-Lactate cycle
The Cori Cycle
Free fatty acids are activated for oxidation by adding what to make what?
CoA, Fatty Acyl-CoA
CoA, Fatty Acetyl-CoA
OH, Hydroxylated FFA
Glucose, Glycosylated FFA
CoA, Fatty Acyl-CoA
Fatty Acyl-CoA must be combined with which amino acid to make entry into the mitochondria?
Lysine
Carnitine
Taurine
Methionine
Carnitine
Within mitochondria, 2-carbon units are cleaved (decarboxylation) via beta- oxidation and transferred to TCA cycle enzymes. The remaining fatty acid remnant is combined to another coenzyme A moiety and the cycle of beta-oxidation is continued until only a 2- or 3- carbon unit remains.
What is the 2 carbon unit?
Acyl-CoA
CoQ10
Acetyl CoA
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
