Primer Material Section 1A-1H Flashcards by Olga Arnold

Which 2 enzymes occur in the mouth?

Pepsin
Protease
amylase
Lipase

Amylase and lipase

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In the stomach, which enzyme breaks down triacylglycerols into FFAs and Diacylglycerols?

Protease
Lipase
Amylase
Maltase

Lipase

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Pepsinogen is secreted by the chief cells in the stomach

True of False

True

chief cells of the stomach secrete lipase, which breaks down dietary triglycerides (triacylglycerols) into free fatty acids and diglycerides (diacylglycerols), and pepsinogen (the precursor of pepsin, which initiates the hydrolysis of food proteins).

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Which cells secrete lipase in the stomach?

Chief cells
Parietal cells
Mucous cells

Chief cells

the chief cells of the stomach secrete lipase, and pepsinogen

lipase, which breaks down dietary triglycerides (triacylglycerols) into free fatty acids and diglycerides (diacylglycerols)

pepsinogen (the precursor of pepsin, which initiates the hydrolysis of food proteins).

Gastrin acts on gastric parietal and chief cells to stimulate intragastric secretion of HCL and pepsinogen, respectively.

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Which cells secrete intrinsic factor and HCL?

Chief cells
Parietal cells
Mucous cells

Parietal Cells

the chief cells of the stomach secrete LIPASE, which breaks down dietary triglycerides (triacylglycerols) into free fatty acids and diglycerides (diacylglycerols), and PEPSINOGEN (the precursor of pepsin, which initiates the hydrolysis of food proteins).

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Which cells secrete bicarb to protect the stomach lining?

Chief cells
Parietal cells
Mucous cells

Mucous cells

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Which hormone acts on the parietal and chief cells to stimulate the secretion of HCL and pepsinogen?

Leptin
Ghrelin
Gastrin
CCK

Gastrin

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Which sections of the small intestine are where the majority of nutrient absorption occurs?

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Duodenum and jejunum
Jejunum and ileum

Jejunum and ileum

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Acidic chyme in the proximal duodenum triggers the release of which hormone that is responsible for stimulating the secretion of bicarb into the duct system?

Ghrelin
Secretin
Gastrin
CCK

Secretin

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The presence of what in the proximal duodenum triggers the release of CCK ?

Carbs
Fats
Proteins
Fats and / or proteins
all of the above

fats and/ or proteins

Cholecystokinin is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein

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Which stimulates the release of zymogens by the pancreas AND stimulates the gallbladder to contract and expel bile in the common bile duct?

CCK
Gastrin
Secretin
Ghrelin

CCK - Cholecystokinin

Concurrently, fat or protein entering the proximal duodenum stimulate duodenal secretion of cholecystokinin into the systemic circulation. Cholecystokinin stimulates pancreatic secretion of zymogens (inactive digestive enzyme precursors) into the ductal system and stimulates gall bladder contraction, propelling bile into the common bile duct.

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Which enzyme is required for the conversion of trypsinogen to trypsin?

Lipase
Enterokinase
Peptidase
Invertase

Enterokinase

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ALL the zymogens (inactive digestive enzyme precursors) secreted by the pancreas rely on trypsin for their conversion to active forms.

True or False

True! So without enterokinase activity, there’s no trypsin and no others can be activated

When pancreatic zymogens reach the small intestine, enterokinase
secreted by duodenal enterocytes converts trypsinogen to trypsin. The enterokinase enzyme
is absolutely required for trypsin activation. In turn, trypsin converts the other zymogens to
elastase, chymotrypsin, colipase, carboxypeptidase A and carboxypeptidase B.

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Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase require which amino acid in their active sites?

Proline
Serine
Lysine
Histidine

Serine

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Which mineral do carboxypeptidases (secreted from the pancreas) require to function?

Magnesium
Zinc
Selenium
Copper

Zinc

Carboxypeptidases are zinc-requiring metalloenzyme exopeptidases that cleave single carboxyterminal amino acids from polypeptides.

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Which brush border enzymes complete the final stages of hydrolysis for carbs and proteins (includes oligosaccharidases, disaccharidaes, and peptidases)?

Endozymes
Ectozymes

Ectozymes

Associated with and attached to microvillar surfaces of the small intestine are ectozymes
(oligosaccharidases, disaccharidases and pepidases) produced by enterocytes. These brush
border enzymes complete the final steps in the hydrolysis of amylase-digested carbohydrates to
monosaccharides and of protease-digested proteins to absorbable free amino acids, dipeptides
and tripeptides.

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Gastric pepsin and lipase function optimally at which pH

3-4

5-6.5
75-7.00
5-3.5

1.5-3.5

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Salivary amylase functions best at which pH

3-4

5-6.5
75-7.00
5-3.5

6.75-7.00

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Which are collections of lipid soluble dietary subcomponents surrounded by a layer of water soluble bile salts?

Micelles
Chylomicrons
Liposomes

Micelles

Monoglycerides, free fatty acids, cholesterol, phospholipid digestion products and other fat- soluble food components cannot readily penetrate the unstirred water layer that separates the epithelial surface of the small intestine from the intestinal lumen. Their absorption depends on their ability to aggregate spontaneously with bile salts and become incorporated within vaguely spherical clusters of bile salts called micelles. Micelles are collections of lipid soluble dietary subcomponents surrounded by a layer of water soluble bile salts. The solubility characteristics of the bile salt layer allows ready penetration of the unstirred water layer by micelles; the complex breaks down upon reaching the brush border, allowing rapid diffusion of their lipid components down concentration gradients into enterocytes.

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Which are secreted into lacteals from the endoplasmic reticulum of the enterocytes and contain lipids and lipid soluble compounds and are protein-coated to make them water soluble?

Micelles
Chylomicrons
Liposomes

Chylomicrons

Within the endoplasmic reticulum of enterocytes, lipids and lipid soluble compounds are repackaged into large protein-coated (and therefore water soluble) chylomicrons that are secreted into the lacteals, flow through the lymphatic system and enter the circulation via the thoracic duct.

Dietary fats and cholesterol are presented to the circulation in the form of chylomicrons. Relatively short-lived, chylomicrons are dissembled in the liver and their components repackaged into a family of lipoproteins containing triacylglycerols (triglycerides), cholesterol esters, and phospholipids in varying ratios and loosely coated with solubilizing and receptor ligand proteins: very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL) (remnants of partially depleted VLDL), and high density lipoproteins (HDL).

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Which method of absorption uses water and electrolytes to cross tight junctions between adjacent enterocytes?

Passive diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Filtration
Osmotic movement
Active transport

Osmotic movement

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Which method of absorption uses hydrostatic pressure to drive movement of solutes and water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher hydrostatic pressure to one of lower hydrostatic pressure?

Passive diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Filtration
Osmotic movement
Active transport

Filtration

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Which method of absorption utilizes potential energy created by difference in nutrient concentration across a membrane from higher to lower concentrations?

Passive diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Filtration
Osmotic movement
Active transport

Passive diffusion

Passive diffusion (simple diffusion) utilizes the potential energy created by a difference in nutrient concentration across a membrane to move nutrients from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Lipid soluble compounds enter intestinal cells by passive diffusion from the brush border into the cell cytosol.

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Lipids and lipid soluble compounds enter intestinal cells by

Passive diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Filtration
Osmotic movement
Active transport

Passive diffusion

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Which method of absorption is when the nutrient is attached to a lipid soluble membrane carrier protein that passes through the with nutrient and moves down the concentration gradient? ``` Passive diffusion Facilitated diffusion Filtration Osmotic movement Active transport ```

Facilitated diffusion (carrier-mediated transport) Most carbohydrates are transported across biological membranes via facilitated diffusion.

Most CHOs are transported across the membrane via ``` Passive diffusion Facilitated diffusion Filtration Osmotic movement Active transport ```

Facilitated diffusion | carrier-mediated transport

Carrier-mediated diffusion is another name for ``` Passive diffusion Facilitated diffusion Filtration Osmotic movement Active transport ```

Facilitated diffusion in facilitated diffusion the nutrient is attached to a lipid soluble membrane carrier protein that easily passes through membranes even with the attached nutrient. Most carbohydrates are transported across biological membranes via facilitated diffusion.

Simple diffusion is another name for ``` Passive diffusion Facilitated diffusion Filtration Osmotic movement Active transport ```

Passive diffusion

Which method of absorption moves a nutrient through mucosal cell membranes against a concentration gradient, requiring a receptor and the use of ATP? ``` Passive diffusion Facilitated diffusion Filtration Osmotic movement Active transport ```

Active transport

Most amino acids and ions are absorbed by ``` Passive diffusion Facilitated diffusion Filtration Osmotic movement Active transport ```

Active transport

Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT) secretes which substance and comprises how much of the immune cells in the body? Secretory IgG, 30-40% Secretory IgA, 40-50% Secretory IgM, 50-60% Secretory IgA, 50-60%

Secretory IgA, 50-60%

Which substances are possibly useful for determining intestinal permeability? Mannitol, Lactose Mannose, Lactulose Mannitol, Lactulose Mannose, Lactose

Mannitol (small, absorbable, and non-metabolized), Lactulose (large, normally not absorbed, non-metabolized)

The highest tissue content of glutathione is in the human ___ and ______ _____.

gastric and duodenal epithelia.

Which is the primary source of enterocyte fuel, supplies the substrates for polyamine and DNA production, and is the rate-limiting precursor for glutathione production? ``` Glutamine Cysteine Butyrate Glutamate Pyruvate ```

Glutamine

When this amino acid is inadequate, apoptosis is accelerated and compensatory cellular proliferation is stunted in the gut. Glutamate Glycine Cysteine Glutamine

Glutamine

What are the 3 types of fiber?

Soluble, insoluble, nonfermentable

Beta glucans, gums, mucilages, pectins are types of which class of fiber? Soluble Insoluble Nonfermentable

Soluble

Oat hulls, methylcellulose, and wood pulp are types of which class of fiber? Soluble Insoluble Nonfermentable

Nonfermentable

Celluloses and lignans are which types of fiber? Soluble Insoluble Nonfermentable

Insoluble

Hemicellulose is both soluble and insoluble. True or False

True

In excess, which type of fiber can impair fat and fat-soluble vitamin absorption due to lipase inhibition? Soluble Insoluble Nonfermentable

soluble

Which type of fiber increases bacterial mass of stool, decreases glucose absorption, and dilutes pathogens and toxins? Soluble Insoluble Nonfermentable

Nonfermentable These food components function in the human colon to increase the bacterial mass ofthe stool (by adhesion), decrease the absorption of glucose and increase the glucose content of stool (by interfering with carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine), dilute pathogens and toxins in digesta and stool, increase rate of passage (decreases colonocyte “toxin exposure time” by distending the colonic mucosa and stimulating peristaltic contractions), inhibit the inflammatory responses to bacterial infections (by “blocking” microbial access to the intestinal mucosa), and inhibit phagocytotic capacity of intestinal macrophages (possibly by interfering with macrophage-secreted oxidizing compounds).

Lactobacilli, Streptococci, and yeast are most commonly found together in which part of GI system? Stomach and duodenum Jejunum and ileum Colon

Stomach and duodenum

In addition to Lactobacili, Streptococci, Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroides, Bifidobacteria, and Fusobacteria, which section of the GI tract also contains Pseudomonas, Clostridia, Proteus, and protozoa? Stomach and duodenum Jejunum and ileum Colon

Colon

Lactobacilli, Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococci, Bacteroides, Bifidobacteria and Fusobacteria are predominantly found where in the GI tract? Stomach and duodenum Jejunum and ileum Colon

Jejunum and Ileum Small pH differences along the small intestine favor Lactobacilli, Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococci, Bacteroides, Bifidobacteria and Fusobacteria in the human jejunumand ileum.

Which is the most common microorganism in the GI tract AND in breastmilk? Lactobacilli Bifidobacterium Proteus Bacteroidetes

Bifidobacterium accounts for roughly 50% of GI tract

Which organism accounts for about 25% of GI tract bacteria and produces lactic acid and SCFAs? Lactobacilli Bifidobacterium Proteus Bacteroidetes

Lactobacilli

Which organism is in small and large intestine? It antagonizes Candida, inhibits cholera toxin, inhibits amoeba adhesion, and is effective at treating rotoviral diarrhea? Lactobacilli Bifidobacterium Proteus Saccharomyces boulardii

Saccharomyces boulardii

Which SCFA is metabolized by colonocytes into Acetyl CoA for energy and the is also useful for formation and maintenance of tight junctions? Acetate Proprionate Butyrate

Butyrate

Breastfed infants have over 90% of this organism in their GI tract. Lactobacillus rhamnosus Bifidobacterium lactis Bifidobacterium infantis Saccharomyces boulardii

Bifido infantis

Feeding infants formula _______ diversity/colonization, and ____ risk of gastroenteritis and sepsis. Decreases, decreases decreases, increases Increases, decreases Increases, increases

decreases, increases

Low fiber results in an ____ of colonic pH and a _____ of butyrate availability. Decreases, decreases decreases, increases Increases, decreases Increases, increases

Increases, decreases

When dietary sugars are not completely digested, hyperacidification occurs in the colon and there is an increase of which gas? SH2 NO CO2 SO2

SH2 Incomplete digestion of dietary sugars will increase the amount of fermentable nonfiber carbohydrate reaching the colon. Fermentation of sugars within the colon results in hyperacidification of intraluminal pH and an increase in microbial production of SH2. This gas readily enters colonocytes where it acts as an inhibitor of enzymatic conversion of butyrate to acetyl CoA. Intracolonocyte acetyl CoA deficiency produces “leaky tight junctions” with an increase in intestinal permeability, as well as increased risk for energy deficit in colonocytes. Intestinal gas is composed of various amounts of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and methane ``` SH2 - Hydrogen sulfide CO2 - Carbon dioxide N2 - nitrogen H2 - hydrogen CH4 - methane ``` SO2 - Sulfur dioxide (burnt match smell) - NOT intestinal gas NO - NOT intestinal gas

Which gas inhibits the conversion of butyrate into acetyl CoA and increases risk for colorectal cancer and leaky tight junctions as a result? SH2 NO CO2 SO2

SH2, Hydrogen sulfide

Prebiotics are usually oligomers, like fructans (fructooligosaccharides; FOS). Which species is increased with FOS supplementation due to their converting the FOS into buyrate (but not lactic acid)? Lactobacilli Bifidobacterium Proteus Saccharomyces boulardii

Bifidobacterium

How long would it likely take to reseed a gut with daily ingestion of probiotics (10 billion CFUs)? 3 months 6 months 9 months 12 months

6 months

Which causes the intestinal smooth muscles to contract? to push food along the tract? Secretin CCK Acetylcholine Epinephrine

Acetylcholine

Which is secreted after the GI tract is emptied and relaxes the stomach and intestinal muscles and decreases blood flow to them? Secretin CCK Acetylcholine Epinephrine

Epinephrine

Preterm infants are fully able to digest and absorb fats. True or false

False

How many months after birth before an infant can digest starches and animal fats? 3 6 9 12

Which process does HCL induce in the stomach? Hydrolysis Evaporation Denaturation Distallation

Denaturation

True digestibility of fatty acids 65-75% 75-85% 85-95% > 95%

>95%

Which is a brush border enzyme? Sucrase Protease Amylase HCL

Sucrase also lactase and maltase

Increased glucose stimulates _____ within pancreatic beta-cells? Gluconeogenesis Glycogenesis Glycolysis Glycogenolysis

Glycolysis

Rate of ________ Production is proportional to rates of glycolysis and TCA cycling. When ____ is elevated, it causes a(n) ______ in insulin synthesis/secretion. NAD, NAD, increase NADPH, NADH, decrease NADH, NADH, increase NADH, NADPH, decrease

NADH, NADH, increase

Which hormone stimulates the GLUT4 receptor, glycogenesis, glycolysis, increased TG storage in adipocytes, and protein synthesis d/t increased AA uptake? Epinephrine Insulin Glucagon Dopamine

Insulin

When glucose is low, what happens to the rate of lipolysis and plasma FFA concentration? Decreases Increases Unaffected

both increase

When FFA plasma concentration is increased, the FFAs ______ with Tryptophan, T3, and T4 for transporter binding sites, causing an ______ in Free Trp, T3, and T4. Bind, increase Bind, decrease Compete, increase Compete, decrease

Compete, increase

What happens to serotonin synthesis when concentrations of free Trp are increased? Decreases Increases Unaffected

Increases

Increased insulin results in _______ serotonin synthesis. Decreased Increased Unaffected

decreased (due to the higher glucose concentration that triggers the insulin level reducing lipolysis, which reduces FFAs that compete with with Trp ... so Trp stays on the transporter and isn't free to enter serotonin synthesis)

When glucose is low, what is secreted and from where to stimulate hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis from Amino acids? Insulin, beta cells Insulin, alpha cells glucagon, alpha cells glucagon, beta cells

glucagon, alpha cells Decreased plasma glucose concentration also triggers secretion of glucagon by pancreatic α-cells. After its secretion into the circulation by the pancreas, glucagon acts to stimulate hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis from amino acids.

Prolonged CHO deprivation ____ total and free T4, which ____ BMR. Increases, increases Increases, decreases Decreases, increases Decreases, decreases

Decreases, decreases

Low glucose stimulates glucocorticoid release from where? Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla Pancreatic beta cells Pancreatic alpha cells

Adrenal cortex Decreased plasma glucose concentration stimulates glucocorticoid secretion by the adrenal cortex. Decreased plasma glucose concentration stimulates epinephrine secretion by the adrenal medulla.

Glucocorticoids ______ protein catabolism Inhibit Stimulate

Stimulate

Epinephrine is released due to ____ glucose levels. High Low

Low

What secretes epinephrine? Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla Pancreatic beta cells Pancreatic alpha cells

Adrenal medulla

How does epinephrine affect glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and TG lipolysis in hepatocytes? Stimulates it Inhibits it

Stimulates it

Increased thyroid hormones affect glycolysis and BMR how? Stimulates and increases Inhibits and decreases

stimulates and increases

What is produced in the stomach to stimulate food intake? Leptin Lectin Ghrelin Insulin

Ghrelin

____ is produced in the ____ and signals satiety. Ghrelin, stomach Leptin, fat tissue Insulin, pancreas CCK, liver

Leptin, fat tissue

Leptin resistance can occur in obesity and inflammation. True or False

True

Which hormone enhances insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis by down regulating gluconeogenesis and increasing FFA oxidation? (it can also inhibit inflammation) Leptin Insulin Epinephrine Adiponectin

Adiponectin Having a significant role in obesity, Type 2 Diabetes and atherosclerosis, this is a hormone that has a central metabolic role. It specifically enhances insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis by down-regulating gluconeogenisis and increasing fatty acid oxidation. It may also have a role in inflammation inhibition.

Which method of inheritance occurs when both parents carry the expressed gene? ``` Autosomal dominant Autosomal recessive X linked Recessive X linked Dominant Y linked ```

Autosomal recessive (both have to have it so offspring is homozygous)

Which method of inheritance occurs when the expressed phenotype only comes from 1 parent? ``` Autosomal dominant Autosomal recessive X linked Recessive X linked Dominant Y linked ```

Autosomal dominant...the offspring is heterozygous but expresses the trait

Which method of inheritance affects only fathers and their sons? ``` Autosomal dominant Autosomal recessive X linked Recessive X linked Dominant Y linked ```

Y linked

Which method of inheritance affects male offspring more than female, while both parents are unaffected and mom is usually an asymptomatic carrier? ``` Autosomal dominant Autosomal recessive X linked Recessive X linked Dominant Y linked ```

X linked recessive

Which method of inheritance affects female offspring more than males? ``` Autosomal dominant Autosomal recessive X linked Recessive X linked Dominant Y linked ```

X linked dominant

Pentoses and hexoses are Monosaccharides Disaccharides

Monosaccharides The common pentoses are ribose and deoxyribose (the essential components of nucleic acids). The most common hexoses are galactose, glucose (sometimes called dextrose), and fructose. These monosaccharides are found commonly in fruits, honey, maple sugar, cane sugar and other "sweet" plant products.

Galactose, glucose, and fructose are examples of Pentoses Hexoses

hexoses

Ribose and deoxyribose are Pentoses Hexoses

Pentoses

Disaccharides are 2 monosaccharides linked together. True False

True

Lactose, maltose, and sucrose are Monosaccharides Disaccharides

Disaccharides

Lactose is Glucose + galactose Glucose + lactose Glucose + fructose

Glucose plus galactose

Sucrose is Glucose + galactose Glucose + lactose Glucose + fructose

Glucose plus fructose

Oligosaccharides are polysaccharides that are Hydrolyzable Not hydrolyzable

Hydrolyzable Oligosaccharides are composed of monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic bonds susceptible to hydrolysis by human enzymes. Polysaccharides are long chain oligosaccharides that contain two or more monosaccharides linked together in a repeating pattern.

Dietary fibers are polysaccharides that are Hydrolyzable Not hydrolyzable

not hydrolyzable

Which type of fiber binds water, softens stool, slows the rate of stomach emptying, and binds glucose/cholesterol?

Soluble

Which type of fiber adds stool bulk and increases frequency, binds bile salts and conjugated steroids?

Insoluble

Beta glucans, mucilages, pectins...are which type of fiber?

Soluble

Cellulose and hemicellulose are which type of fiber?

Insoluble

Essential AAs?

Phe Val Trp Thr Ile Met His Leu Lys primer: The essential amino acids (arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine)

Conditionally essential AAs? (8)

according to primer: However, under certain physiologic conditions of intensively increased requirement, arginine, cysteine, glutamine and tyrosine can become essential (during times when endogenous synthetic capacity is exceeded by needs) and have been termed "conditionally essential amino acids." according to many websites: arginine, cysteine, glutamine, tyrosine, glycine, ornithine, proline, and serine ``` All - Ala Girls - Gly Go - Glu Crazy - Cys Going - Gln Out - Orn Prom - Pro Shopping - Ser ```

Non-essential AAs? (10)

Alanine, Asparagine, Glutamate, Glutamine, Cysteine, Aspartate, Glycine, Tyrosine, Proline and Serine.

Which is major source of dietary sulfur? Methionine Proline Glutamine Cysteine

Methionine

The aromatic AAs are important for the CNS. Which are they? (3)

Trp, Tyr, Phe phenylalanine is converted to tyrosine and tyrosine and tryptophan are converted into neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine).

Val, Leu, Ile are important fuel for voluntary muscles. Collectively, what are they referred to as?

BCAAs

Coconut, palm, and palm kernel are sources of which type of Saturated Fatty Acid? Palmitic Stearic

Palmitic

Sources of Stearic acid? Seafood Meat, milk, butter, cocoa Nuts and seeds

Meat milk butter cocoa

What type of MUFA do olives, almonds, avocadoes, peanuts, pecans, and macadamia nuts provide?

Oleic

Safflower, sunflower, corn, hemp, sesame are sources of which? Linoleic Linolenic EPA DHA

Linoleic

Flax, canola, walnuts, soy, dark green leafy veggies are sources of which? Linoleic Linolenic EPA DHA

Linolenic linoleic acid (18:2ω6; sources: safflower, sunflower, corn, soybean and sesame oils, hemp and pumpkin

Borage oil, black currant seed, and EPO are sources of EPA DHA GLA AA

GLA

Medium chain fatty acids have how many carbons? 4-6 7-12 13-20

7-12

Long chain FAs have how many carbons?

> 14

Pyrimidines and purines are types of Organic acids Nucleic Acids Minerals Vitamins

Nucleic Acids

Which is an organic compound required by an enzyme in order for it to function and is consumed in the reaction and requires regeneration for use again later? Cofactor Coenzyme Regulatory protein

Coenzyme

Which is required for full activation of the enzyme, functions as part of the enzyme, and is not consumed by the reaction? Cofactor Coenzyme Regulatory protein

Cofactor

Which is the hydrolysis of the glycogen stores in the liver and muscle to glucose monomers? Glycogenesis Glycolysis Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis

Glycogenolysis

Which converts glucose into pyruvate? Glycogenesis Glycolysis Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis

Glycolysis

Which creates the polysaccharide storage chain of glycogen polymers are created from glucose monomers. Glycogenesis Glycolysis Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis

Glycogenesis

Following glycolysis, which enzyme activates pyruvate for entry into the mitochondria for the TCA cycle and requires B1, B2, B3, B5, lipoic? Pyruvate hydrogenase Pyruvate carboxylase Pyruvate dehydrogenase Pyruvate decarboxylase

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Mitochondria-less cells, like RBCs, cannot convert pyruvate for energy through a TCA cycle. Instead, they convert it into _____ using _____ (enzyme). Oxygen, oxygen synthase Lactate, lactate dehydrogenase Glycogen, glycogen synthase glucose, none

Lactate, LDH

The TCA cycle metabolizes the acetyl-CoA into CO2. Which enzyme in the cycle is irreversible? Aconitase Citrate synthase Succinate dehydrogenase Fumarase

Citrate synthase

TCA is aerobic. True or False

True

The Pentose Mononphosphate Shunt is an alternate path of glucose metabolism. It synthesizes pentoses and CO2 NO NAD+ NADPH2

NADPH2

Which is the primary hepatic pathway for de novo glucose synthesis from lactate, pyruvate, or alanine? Glycogenesis Glycolysis Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis is the exact reverse of glycolysis. True or False

FALSE ... 3 glycolytic enzymes are irreversible: pyruvate kinase, glucokinase, and phosphofructokinase

In gluconeogenesis, since pyruvate kinase is irreversible, pyruvate is first converted to what by which enzyme, and which cofactor does that enzyme need? Lactate, LDH, NADH Citrate, citrate synthase, FADH2 Oxaloacetate, Pyruvate carboxylase, biotin PEP, PEP carboxylase, GTP

Oxaloacetate, pyruvate carboxylase, biotin

The second step of bypassing pyruvate kinase in gluconeogenesis creates which product using which enzyme and which cofactor? Lactate, LDH, NADH Citrate, citrate synthase, FADH2 Oxaloacetate, Pyruvate carboxylase, biotin PEP, PEP carboxylase, GTP

PEP, PEP carboxylase, GTP

In gluconeogenesis, 1 glucose is formed from how many Pyruvate, ATP, and GTP? 2 pyruvate, 1 ATP, 1 GTP 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 1 GTP 1 pyruvate, 1 ATP, 1 GTP

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 1 GTP

The Alanine cycle involves the conversion of pyruvate to alanine in muscle cells. Alanine is sent to the _____ to be converted back to ____ which is then made into ____? Kidneys, glucose, pyruvate Liver, lactate, glucose Liver, pyruvate, glucose Kidney, pyruvate, glucose

LIVER....converted back to PYRUVATE...then hepatic gluconeogenesis converts the pyruvate into GLUCOSE

After LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase) converts pyruvate to Lactate in the RBCs, it is cycled to the liver where it is converted back to pyruvate and then into glucose. What is this cycle called? The Alanine Cycle The Lactate-Glucose cycle The Cori Cycle The Pyruvate-Lactate cycle

The Cori Cycle

Free fatty acids are activated for oxidation by adding what to make what? CoA, Fatty Acyl-CoA CoA, Fatty Acetyl-CoA OH, Hydroxylated FFA Glucose, Glycosylated FFA

CoA, Fatty Acyl-CoA

Fatty Acyl-CoA must be combined with which amino acid to make entry into the mitochondria? Lysine Carnitine Taurine Methionine

Carnitine

Within mitochondria, 2-carbon units are cleaved (decarboxylation) via beta- oxidation and transferred to TCA cycle enzymes. The remaining fatty acid remnant is combined to another coenzyme A moiety and the cycle of beta-oxidation is continued until only a 2- or 3- carbon unit remains. What is the 2 carbon unit? Acyl-CoA CoQ10 Acetyl CoA Pyruvate

Acetyl CoA