Primer 1H - 2A Flashcards
Data Analysis.
Which term related to the relative thickness of tails of a distribution?
Central Tendency
Dispersion
Skewness
Confidence Interval
Skewness
Average, mean, median, and mode are examples of
Central Tendency
Dispersion
Skewness
Confidence Interval
central tendency
Range, Standard deviation, variance, and standard error of the mean are examples of
Central Tendency
Dispersion
Skewness
Confidence Interval
Dispersion
Which is the value that occurs most frequently?
Mean
Median
Mode
Mode
Which is the arithmetic average when data is distributed normally?
Mean
Median
Mode
Mean
Which is the halfway point of the observations?
Mean
Median
Mode
Median
A rejection of the null hypothesis based on a calculated test statistic when the null is actually true is which type of error?
Type 1 Error
Type 2 Error
Standard Deviation Error
Type 1
A failure to reject the null hypothesis based on a calculated test statistic when the null is actually false is?
Type 1 Error
Type 2 Error
Standard Deviation Error
Type 2
A design’s ______ is its ability to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false.
Confidence Interval
Power
Confirmation bias
Variance
Power
What can be used to test a null hypothesis regarding 1 or 2 groups of subjects?
Confidence Interval
Power
Confirmation bias
Variance
Confidence interval
What estimates the likelihood that one variable is causally influenced by another?
Confidence Interval
Power
Correlation analysis
Variance
Correlation analysis
Causal relationships can be examined using the techniques of correlation analysis. In other words, correlation analysis estimates the likelihood that one variable being observed (such as body weight) is causally influenced by another (such as height or age). The least squares techniques of linear and nonlinear regression can be used to identify a mathematical model of the
relationship. Linear regression is used to identify a straight line relationship (y = a + bx). Nonlinear regression is used to identify curvilinear relationships
such as y = a + bx2.75.
Which term refers to the function of a nutrient and relationship between a nutrient’s concentration and the biological effects of the nutrient?
Pharmacokinetics
Bioavailability
Distribution
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacodynamics
Which term describes the extent to which an ingested nutrient reaches its site of physiologic action?
Pharmacokinetics
Bioavailability
Distribution
Pharmacodynamics
Bioavailability
The extent to which an ingested nutrient reaches its site of physiologic action is termed its bioavailability. Net bioavailability is determined by the balance of absorption efficiency, rate of delivery to the site of physiologic action, and relative rates of metabolism and excretion prior to arrival at the site of physiologic action. Bioavailability is affected by characteristics inherent
in the nutrient and by its interactions with other nutrients, drugs and physiologic factors.
Which term refers to the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of an ingested substance?
Pharmacokinetics
Bioavailability
Distribution
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacokinetics
Which term refers to the dissemination via circulation to interstitial and intracellular fluids?
1st pass metabolism
Bioavailability
Distribution
Biotransformation
Distribution
The distribution of a nutrient describes its dissemination via the circulation to the interstitial and intracellular fluids. The distribution of a nutrient depends on its lipid solubility and ionization state, blood flow at its site of physiologic action, the solubility of the nutrient at the site of its physiologic action, the availability of carrier substances and interactions with other nutrients and tissue components. Distribution characteristics may change in concert with alterations in bioavailability.
What increases the water solubility to facilitate excretion?
1st pass metabolism
Bioavailability
Distribution
Biotransformation
Biotransformation
(often called detoxification)
Nutrients, hormones, ingested substances and their metabolites may undergo
biotransformation to increase water solubility and facilitate excretion. These reactions, often called detoxification reactions, are classified as Phase 1 and Phase 2 reactions. Most Phase 1 reactions convert nutrients into highly oxidized and reactive intermediates.
Which refers to passage through GI mucosa, portal vein,and then liver…which can result in the conversion of a nutrient into a compound with different biological activity?
1st pass metabolism
Bioavailability
Distribution
Biotransformation
1st pass metabolism
About how much free glutamine is metabolized by enterocytes as an example of 1st pass metabolism?
25%
50
75
100
100%
Biotransformation has how many phases?
1
2
3
4
2
Which biotransformation phase converts nutrients into highly oxidized and reactive intermediates?
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 1
Oxidations, reduction, dehalogenations, hydrolysis, dehydrogenations, dealkylations are types of reactions that occur in which phase of biotransformation?
Phase 1
Which are Phase 2 reactions?
Glucuronidations Sulfations Acetylations Methylations Peptide Conjugations All of the above None of the above
All of the above
Resting energy expenditure + Thermal effect of activity =
BMR
RMR
Harris Benedict Equation
Total Energy Expenditure
Total Energy Expenditure
estimated using factors such as a person’s basal metabolic rate (BMR), activity level, and the thermic effect of food.
___ also called basal metabolic rate (BMR) or resting metabolic rate (RMR), estimates the maintenance energy required to sustain the basic processes of sedentary, inactive life (including normal growth in children and the energy cost of digesting and absorbing food nutrients).
The amount of dietary energy required to fulfill this function in healthy individuals may be calculated according to the
Resting Energy Expenditure
Harris- Benedict equations:
What is Resting Energy Expenditure equivalent to?
BMR
Harris Benedict Equation
Mifflin St Jeor Equation
BMR
Maintenance energy needed to sustain basic processes of a sedentary and inactive life
BMR
RMR
REE
All of the above
All … they all mean the same thing
Harris Benedict Equation is used to calculate
Total Energy Expenditure
Resting Energy Expenditure
Thermal Effect of Food
Energy required for growth
Resting Energy Expenditure aka BMR
Which Harris Benedict Equation is for males and which is for females?
REE (kcal/d)=66.47+13.75(W in kg)+5.0(H in m)-6.76(A)
REE (kcal/d)=655.10+9.56(W)+1.85(H)-4.68(A)
Males:
Kcal/d=66.47+13.75(W)+5(H)-6.76(A)
Females:
655.10+9.56(w)+1.85(h)-4.68(a)
There’s an alternate option for REE estimation. What is it?
10-15 kcal/kg
15-20 kcal/kg
20-25 kcal/kg
25-30 kcal/kg
20-25 kcal/kg
Declining plasma free thyroxine (T4) concentration is accompanied
by a reduction in basal metabolic rate (BMR; resting energy expenditure).
Resting energy expenditure (REE), also called basal metabolic rate (BMR) or resting metabolic rate (RMR), estimates the maintenance energy required to sustain the basic processes of sedentary, inactive life (including normal growth in children and the energy cost of digesting and absorbing food nutrients). The amount of dietary energy required to fulfill this function in healthy individuals may be calculated according to the Harris- Benedict equations:
Estimates of REE should be modified according to the relative proportions of bone, lean tissue and fat-free mass present (in other words, body weight alone is not an accurate predictor of basal energy expenditure). REE declines with increasing age in adults, largely as a result of decreased resting energy expenditure in the brain.
REE is increased by:
Increased lifestyle activity Wound healing Surgery Burns Fevers All of these
All of these
Which reflects the measure of heat provided during physical activity?
Energy Requirements of Growth
Thermal Effect of Food
Thermal Effect of Energy
Energy Toxicity
Thermal Effect of Energy
Which is the increased in energy expenditure related to the metabolic cost of food digestion and absorption?
Energy Requirements of Growth
Thermal Effect of Food
Thermal Effect of Energy
Energy Toxicity
Thermal effect of food
Every gram of tissue accretion requires about 5 kcal of energy and sufficient nutrients is accounted for by which concept?
Energy Requirements of Growth
Thermal Effect of Food
Thermal Effect of Energy
Energy Toxicity
Energy Requirements of Growth
Signs of this are weight loss, organ tissue loss, decreased immune function, declining cognitive function, wasting of sub-Q fat, and adaptive endocrine changes that reduce REE.
Energy Toxicity
Marasmus
BMR
TEE
Marasmus, or ENERGY DEFICIENCY
Weight gain and obesity are signs of….
Energy Toxicity
Marasmus
BMR
TEE
Energy Toxicity
Signs of this are stunted growth, hypoalbuminemia w/edema, ascites, muscle wasting, hair thinning, flaky and hyperpigmented extremities.
Energy Toxicity
Kwashiorkor
Wernickes
Beriberi
Kwashiorkor
Pyruvate dehydrogenase and dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, as well as transketolase, require which common vitamin?
B1
D
Biotin
B12
B1
The active form of thiamin is thiamin pyrophosphate, also known as
Thiamin Monophosphate
Thiamin Diphosphate
Thiamin Triphosphate
Thiamin Diphosphate
Which of these decrease the bioavailability of thiamin? (choose all that apply)
Dietary fats
EtOH
Radiation
Acidic beverages
They all apply…
Good food sources of ___ include seeds, nuts, wheat germ, rice bran, legumes, meats (such as liver and pork), egg yolks, poultry, and fish.
B12
Biotin
B5
B1
B1
What contains thiaminase and reduces B1 availability?
Potatoes
Pork
Raw Seafood
Beer
Raw Seafood
What does coffee and tea contain that can impair B1 absorption?
Thiaminase
Silicon
Polyphenols
Tannins
Tannins
Sulfites and nitrates increase B1 absorption.
True or False
False…they impair it
What is the tolerable upper limit of B1?
1mg 10mg 100mg 1000mg None
None
Which of these are caused by B1 deficiency?
Beriberi Pellagra Wernicke-Korsakoff's Branched chain keto acidosis Epilepsy
Beriberi
Wernicke-Korsakoff’s
BCKacidosis
Anticonvulsants, barbiturates, antimalarial drugs, OTCs, chemo agents, and EtOH reduce availability of which?
B1
Folate
Vitamin C
B3
Folate
Which vitamin is required for ETC function, reduction reactions, oxidation of AAs and FAs, hydroxylation rxns of hepatic drug detoxification, condensation of acetate or pyruvate into acetyl-CoA? And what is the cofactor is it a precursor for?
B2, FAD
B3, NAD+
B1, TPP
B6, P5P
B2, FAD
Which drug group interferes with b2 availability?
Antimalarials
Antipyretics
Antiemetics
Antibiotics
Antimalarials
How many of these does cooking reduce availability of?
B1
B2
B3
Folate
All of them
60mg of Tryptophan yield how many milligrams of which B-vitamin?
60 mg B1
1 mg B1
1 mg B3
60 mg B3
1 mg B3
Chronic deficiency of which leads to dermatitis, cheliosis, glossitis, blurred vision/light sensitivity, face and genital eczema?
B1
B2
B3
B6
B2
B2 and folate have no known upper limit.
True or False
True
Cheese, yogurt, eggs, meat, poultry, fish, beans, spinach, whole grains, nuts, asparagus, avocadoes, broccoli…are good sources of?
B2
B3
Folate
B2
The 4 Ds are dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, and death. They signify which issue and nutrient deficiency?
Beriberi, B1
Ariboflavanosis, B2
Pellagra, B3
Wernicke’s Syndrome, b3
Pellagra, b3
What is the upper limit for daily Niacin?
30mg
35mg
3mg
3g
35mg
Which nutrient at 1 gram a day or more affects total serum cholesterol and impacts VLDL formation?
Riboflavin
Thiamin
Folate
Niacin
niacin
Which is required for 1 carbon metabolism, synthesis of deoxythymidine (DNA replication), and helps prevent neural tube defects?
B1
B2
B3
Folate
Folate
Yeast, livers, pork, chicken liver, alfalfa, green leafy spinach are great sources of
Vitamin C
Folate
B3
Vitamin D
Folate
Which nutrient is a precursor for coenzymes that function in dehydrogenase enzymes, are needed for synthesis of PO4 cmpds, CHO metabolism via glycolysis and HMP Shunt, Purine/pyrimidine synthesis, FA oxidation, lipoylsis cholesterol metabolism, thyroxine metabolism, steroid synthesis? And what are the coenzymes?
Niacin (NAD, NADH, NADP, NADPH)
Riboflavin (FAD, FADH)
Thiamin (TPP)
Folate (Folic acid)
Niacin, NAD etc
Eggs, liver, fish, milk/cheese, potatoes, corn, broccoli, carrots, tomatoes are good sources of
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
Niacin
Folate
Niacin
Which vitamin is used in macronutrient metabolism and signs of deficiency are dry scaly skin, nausea, anorexia, and seborrhea in adults (in infants < 6 months, seborrhea and alopecia)?
B1
B3
B5
Biotin
Biotin
Which vitamin plays a critical role in fat and CHO utilization, oxidation/reduction rxns of energy metabolism, manufacturing of adrenal hormones, and RBC metabolism?
Biotin
B5
B6
B1
B5
Pantothenic Acid (vitamin B5) plays a critical role in the utilization of fats and carbohydrates, in the oxidation/reduction reactions of energy production, in the manufacture of adrenal hormones and in the metabolism of red blood cells (following its conversion to coenzyme A). Good food sources of pantothenic acid include yeast, whole grains, egg yolks, organ meats (liver, heart, kidney), potatoes, peas, beans, and saltwater fish. The pantothenic acid content of foods is reduced by exposure to light, storage of milk in cartons or glass bottles, heat, evaporation, pasteurization, canning, cooking, and milling. Chronic pantothenic acid deficiency produces fatigue, nausea, and “burning feet syndrome” (numbness and shooting pains in the feet). There is no known upper safe limit of pantothenic acid intake (daily intakes of up to 10 g are safe). Large intakes may accelerate wound healing and reduce joint inflammation.
Which nutrient is hindered by the presence of alcohol, antibiotics, and avidin?
B1
B3
Biotin
B6
Biotin
Fatigue, nausea, and “burning feet syndrome” are signs of which deficiency?
B1
B6
Biotin
B5
B5
Good food sources of ___ include yeast, whole grains, egg yolks, organ meats
(liver, heart, kidney), potatoes, peas, beans, and saltwater fish.
B1
B6
Biotin
B5
B5
Chicken, lamb, pork, beef, veal liver, beans, yeast, milk/cheese, saltwater fish are sources of…
B1
B6
Biotin
B5
Biotin
Upper limit for both biotin and b5?
10mg
100mg
1000mg
None known
none known
Which nutrient in large doses could accelerate wound healing and reduce joint inflammation?
B5
Biotin
B6
Vitamin A
B5
Which nutrient is vital for healthy blood formation and nervous system function, required for 1 carbon methyl group transfers, fatty acid oxidation, DNA synthesis, cell division, and RBC differentiation?
B5
Biotin
B12
B6
B12
Dermatitis, anemia, irritability, fatigue, insomnia, nervousness, convulsions, brain wave abnormalities are signs of which deficiency?
B5
B6
B12
Biotin
B6
Which is required for collagen synthesis, iron metabolism, reduction of free radicals, and the synthesis of proline, NorEpi, dopamine, Tryptophan, and tyrosine?
B6
Vit C
Biotin
Vit A
Vit C
Impaired nervous function, confusion, depression, memory loss, impaired coordination, peripheral neuritis, moodiness, secondary folate deficiency and psychosis are signs of which deficiency?
B12
B6
Vit C
Biotin
B12
Pernicious anemia and increased urinary MMA occur with which deficiency?
B6
Vit C
Biotin
B12
B12
Which is needed for protein and AA metabolism, Neurotransmitter synthesis, immune function, hormone synthesis, heme synthesis, RBC differentiation, remethylation of THF after the MTHF form is used to methylate Hcys and THF + methionine are generated?
B6
Vit C
Biotin
B12
B6
What is the coenzyme form of B6?
Pyridoxal 5 phosphate
In order to perform its coenzyme functions, pyridoxine must be phosphorylated to pyridoxal-5’-phosphate:
The bioavailability of ____ is reduced by food processing, large amounts of dietary fiber, oral contraceptives, hydrazine dyes, drugs (isoniazid, hydralazine, dopamine, penicillamine), and concurrent consumption of alcohol.
B6
Vit C
Folate
B12
B6
Citrus fruit, berries, and vegetables are sources of
Vit C
Vit A
Folate
B6
Vit C
Meat, fish, eggs, cheese, milk, and liver are sources of
Vit C
B12
B6
Vit A
B12
Yeast, liver, eggs, fish, wheat germ, nuts, beans, avocados….are sources of
Vit C
B12
B6
Vit E
B6
Large doses of this nutrient could be useful for treatment of anemia, anxiety, or depression.
Vit C
B12
B6
Vit E
B12
Large doses of this can interfere with testing for urinary oxalates and with the effectiveness of anticoagulants.
Vit C
B12
B6
Biotin
Vit C
Scurvy, bleeding gums, poor wound healing, bruises, and weight loss are signs of which deficiency?
Vit C
B12
B6
Vit E
Vit C
Is there an safe upper limit for B12?
Yes
No
No
Anticonvulsants, barbiturates, and cortisone can impair the bioavailability of
Vit A
Vit D
Vit K
Vit E
Vit D
Squash, yams, cantaloupe, dark green leafy veggies, fish liver oil, and liver/meats are good sources of
Vit A
Vit D
Vit K
Vit E
Vit A
Green leafy veggies, cold pressed veg oils, nuts, legumes, and wheat germ are good sources of
Vit A
Vit D
Vit K
Vit E
Vit E
Antibiotics, Dilantin, aspirin, and anticoagulants, as well as high doses of Vit E affect the bioavailability of
Vit A
Vit D
Vit K
B12
Vit K
Nightblindness, impaired vision, skin issues, reproductive failure, poor childhood growth are signs of which deficiency?
Vit A
Vit D
Vit K
Vit E
Vit A
Nausea, appetite loss, headache, diarrhea, fatigue, restlessness are signs of which TOXICITY?
Vit A
Vit D
Vit K
Vit E
Vit D
Green leafy veggies, broccoli, cabbage, spinach, lettuce, egg yolks, cheese, liver, and intestinal microflora are sources of
Vit A
Vit D
Vit K
Vit E
Vit K
Which recycles oxidized Vit C and beta-carotene?
Vit A
Vit D
Vit K
Vit E
Vit E
Toxic levels of this vitamin cause hemolytic anemia (usually the levels are caused by injection of the nutrient).
Vit A
Vit D
Vit K
Vit E
Vit K
Heachache, fatigue, blurred vision, dry skin, weakness, nausea, hair loss, vertigo, appetite loss are signs of which Toxicity?
Vit A
Vit D
Vit K
Vit E
Vit A…. greater than 25,000 IU / day can be toxic
TUL 3,000ug
Which vitamin has a form that can, when given alone, increase lung cancer risk in smokers, but when given with Vitamin C, can reduce that risk?
Vit A
Vit D
Vit K
Vit E
Vit A … in the form of beta-carotene
Sterility, anemia, neuro disorders/nerve damage, muscle weakness are signs of which deficiency?
Vit A
Vit D
Vit K
Vit E
Vit E
Fish liver oils, fatty fish meats, and fortified dairy are sources of
Vit A
Vit D
Vit K
Vit E
Vit D
Which is the main extracellular anion and primary regulator fluid and acid-base balance?
Sodium
Chloride
Potassium
Magnesium
Chloride
Which mineral is integral for blood clotting, release and storage of neurotransmitters/hormones, uptake/binding of AAs, absorption of B12, facilitates nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction, helps regulate BP, and is a primary mineral component of skeletal tissue?
Magnesium
Chloride
Calcium
Boron
Calcium
Which mineral participates in energy metabolism by providing a large amount of biochemical energy via intermediates, is a major intracellular and circulating proton buffer, is required for neurotransmission and neuromuscular transmission, is a major mineral component of bone and teeth, and a structural component of cell membranes?
Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Phosphorous
Phosphorous
Which stabilizes ATP, enhances Calcium metabolism, is a major mineral component of bone and teeth, vital to proper neuromuscular transmission, required in more than 300 enzymatic rxns (glycolysis, TCA, contractile protein, etc), acid base balance, PTH function, and cardiac regulation?
Phosphorous
Magnesium
Potassium
Magnesium
Which is a major intracellular cation and primary regulator of cellular osmotic pressure, cell membrane potential and charge, normal renal function, and acid-base balance?
Chloride
Phosphorous
Magnesium
Potassium
Potassium
Potassium is the major intracellular cation electrolyte and a primary regulator of cellular osmotic pressure, cell membrane potential and charge, normal renal function and acid-base balance. Caffeine and magnesium increase the urinary excretion of potassium. Good food sources of potassium include vegetables, fruits, milk, meats, hard water, dried apricots, avocados, flounder, lima beans, and bananas. Potassium often is leached out of foods that are boiled for long periods. Chronic potassium deficiency is associated with hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, impaired protein anabolism, metabolic alkalosis, muscle weakness, confusion, respiratory distress, and slow irregular heart beat. Acute ingestion of very large amounts of potassium may produce acute heart failure, muscle fatigue, dysphasia, and cognitive impairment.
Which is a major extracellular cation and primary regulator of extracellular fluid volume, membrane potential of cells, active transport across cell membranes, acid base balance, and body fluid osmolarity?
Potassium
Calcium
Sodium
Sulfur
Sodium
Which is an integral component of GSH, insulin, keratin, and vital for cartilage, skin, and connective tissue?
Calcium
Sulfur
Magnesium
Sodium
Sulfur
Toxicity of this mineral is very rare, unless kidney failure is present.
Calcium
Sulfur
Magnesium
Sodium
Magnesium
Acute deficiency of this mineral causes muscle cramps; chronic deficiency causes brittle nails, depression, and osteoporosis.
Calcium
Sulfur
Magnesium
Sodium
Calcium
Chronic deficiency of this mineral causes hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, muscle irritability, irritation, disorientation, convulsions, psychotic bx, cardiac arrhythmias, tetany, cramps, and twitches.
Calcium
Sulfur
Magnesium
Sodium
Magnesium
Hemolytic anemia, respiratory failure, proximal myopathy, anorexia, ataxia, coma, glucose intolerance, and osteomalacia are sx of which deficiency?
Potassium
Phosphorous
Sulfur
Calcium
Phosphorous
HTN, impaired glucose tolerance, impaired protein anabolism, metabolic alkalosis, muscle weakness, confusion, respiratory distress, slow and irregular heartbeat…signs of which deficiency?
Potassium
Phosphorous
Sulfur
Calcium
Potassium
Potassium is the major intracellular cation electrolyte and a primary regulator of cellular osmotic pressure, cell membrane potential and charge, normal renal function and acid-base balance. Caffeine and magnesium increase the urinary excretion of potassium. Good food sources of potassium include vegetables, fruits, milk, meats, hard water, dried apricots, avocados, flounder, lima beans, and bananas. Potassium often is leached out of foods that are boiled for long periods. Chronic potassium deficiency is associated with hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, impaired protein anabolism, metabolic alkalosis, muscle weakness, confusion, respiratory distress, and slow irregular heart beat. Acute ingestion of very large amounts of potassium may produce acute heart failure, muscle fatigue, dysphasia (affects your ability to produce and understand spoken language), and cognitive impairment.
HTN and CVD are signs of excess….
Calcium
Sulfur
Magnesium
Sodium
Sodium
Chronic hypercalciuria, renal function deterioration, drowsiness, extreme lethargy, and constipation are signs of which TOXICITY?
Calcium
Sulfur
Magnesium
Sodium
Calcium
Upper limit of calcium?
1500mg
1750mg
2000mg
2500mg
2500mg
The most bioavailable forms of Magnesium and Calcium are
Glycinate
Lactate
Citrate
Gluconate
Citrate
Processed foods, soft drinks, high protein foods, and cereal products are sources of
Calcium
Phosphorous
Magnesium
Boron
Phosphorous
Vegetables, fruits, milk, meats, dried apricots, avocados, lima beans, and bananas are sources of
Magnesium
Phosphorous
Calcium
Potassium
Potassium
Processed foods, table salt, meats, high protein foods, sardines, bacon, and beans are sources of
Sodium
Chloride
Magnesium
Potassium
Sodium
Beef, dried beans and peas, peanut butter, and wheat germ are sources of
Calcium
Sulfur
Magnesium
Potassium
Sulfur
Dairy products, shellfish, canned fish, soy milk, egg yolk, sesame seeds, figs, bok choy and sardines are sources of
Calcium
Sulfur
Magnesium
Potassium
Calcium
Nuts, cocoa, whole grains, seeds, and molasses are sources of
Calcium
Sulfur
Magnesium
Potassium
Magnesium
Acute toxicity of this mineral can be due to increased Calcium excretion and causes shortness of breath, irregular heartbeat, seizures, and coma.
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
Phosphorous
Phosphorous
Phosphorus is involved in the regulation of energy metabolism, provides large amounts of biochemical energy in the forms of high-energy intermediates (such as adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, guanidine triphosphate, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate), acts as the major intracellular and circulating proton buffer, is required for neurotransmission and neuromuscular transmission, is a major mineral component of bone and tooth structure, is a major mineral component of membrane phospholipids, and is required for proper kidney functioning. The bioavailability of phosphorus is reduced by concurrent ingestion of aluminum or calcium and is enhanced by concurrent ingestion of vitamin D. Caffeine may increase the urinary excretion of inorganic phosphorus. Good food sources of phosphorus include processed foods and soft drinks, foods high in protein content, cereal products, and many food additives. The phosphorus content of foods is enhanced by most techniques of food processing. Severe chronic phosphorus deficiency produces hemolytic anemia, respiratory failure, proximal myopathy, anorexia, ataxia, coma, glucose intolerance, osteomalacia, and multiple cardiac and renal dysfunction. Typically, no symptoms of phosphorus deficiency appear until plasma phosphorus concentration falls below 1.0 mg/dl. Early symptoms of mild phosphorus deficiency include irregular breathing, fatigue, numbness, weakness, weight changes, bone pain, and anorexia. Acute severe phosphorus excess may cause increased urinary excretion of calcium, shortness of breadth, irregular heartbeat, seizures and coma. Chronic ingestion of calcium and phosphorus in a ratio less than 1:2 causes hyperphosphatemia and nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Acute toxicity of this mineral presents as heart failure, muscle fatigue, dysphagia, and cognitive impairment.
Calcium
Sulfur
Magnesium
Potassium
Potassium
Concurrent ingestion of lactose, lysine, arginine, Vit D, acidic beverages, and a light meal increase the bioavailability of which?
Calcium
Sulfur
Magnesium
Potassium
Calcium
EtOH and caffeine increase urinary excretion of
Calcium
Sulfur
Magnesium
Potassium
Magnesium
Concurrent ingestion of fats, fiber, and Calcium reduce bioavailability of which?
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
Phosphorous
Magnesium
Chronic ingestion of large amts of dietary protein, caffeine, and Sodium will increase the urinary excretion of which?
Calcium
Sulfur
Magnesium
Potassium
Calcium
Phosphorous uptake is reduced by concurrent ingestion of calcium and
Boron
Sodium
Aluminum
Magnesium
Aluminum
____ enhances phosphorous bioavailability, but ____ increases its excretion in urine.
Magnesium, calcium
Vitamin D, caffeine
Calcium, caffeine
Vitamin A, magnesium
Vit D, caffeine
Chronic ingestion of Calcium and Phosphorous in a ratio greater than what causes hyperphosphatemia and nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism?
1: 1
1: 2
2: 1
2: 3
1:2
Caffeine increases urinary excretion of sodium
True or False
True
Which mineral enhances the effects of insulin and has a potential role in lipid metabolism?
Boron
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Chromium
Which mineral reduces calcium urinary excretion, increases estrogen and testosterone levels, forms complexes with organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups, is needed for cell membrane function and prevention of osteoporosis?
Boron
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Boron
Which is a cofactor for several oxygenases, needed for metalloenzyme function (MAO and tyrosinase), participates in iron metabolism and erythropoiesis, glucose metabolism/homeostasis, bone marrow formation, wound healing and CT repair, skeletal mineralization, elastin and collagen synthesis and cross-linking, formation of melanin and myelin?
Boron
Tin
Manganese
Copper
Copper
Copper is a cofactor associated with a number of oxygenases and is required for the proper functioning of many metalloenzymes, including monoamine oxidase and tyrosinase. As an integral component of many proteins and enzymes, copper participates in iron metabolism and erythropoiesis, glucose metabolism, iron absorption, the formation of bone marrow, the pigmentation of hair, skin and eyes, wound healing and connective tissue repair, maintenance of the integrity of myelin, skeletal mineralization, thermal regulation, the oxidation of iron, the synthesis and cross-linking of elastin and collagen, oxidative phosphorylation, melanin formation, myelin formation, glucose homeostasis, and antioxidant protection. The bioavailability of copper is enhanced by amino acids, protein and other chelating agents and is reduced by fructose, alcoholic beverages, and zinc. Good food sources of copper include nuts, whole grains, legumes and liver meats. Chronic copper deficiency decreases immune function and increases serum total cholesterol concentration, impairs glucose tolerance, inhibits new bone formation, produces irregularities in heart beat and increases tissue susceptibility to auto- oxidation. Copper generally is non toxic; daily intakes up to 0.5 mg/kg of body weight are considered safe. In some individuals, intakes > 10 mg can produce nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain.
Which is the most abundant micromineral in the body?
Boron
Chromium
Iron
Copper
Iron
Which mineral is a cofactor for pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl CoA carboxylase, some TCA enzymes, participates in bone mineralization, reproduction, and nerve cell function?
Iron
Copper
Molybdenum
Manganese
Manganese
Which is a cofactor for xanthine, aldehyde, and sulfite oxidases?
Iron
Copper
Molybdenum
Nickel
Molybdenum
Molybdenum is a required cofactor for the xanthine, aldehyde, and sulfite oxidases and is an electron transfer agent in oxidation-reduction reactions. Good food sources of molybdenum include meats, cereals, peas and beans. Chronic molybdenum deficiency may be associated with reduced life expectancy, retarded weight gain and impaired reproduction. Molybdenum is
relatively nontoxic, with daily intakes greater than 100 mg/kg required to produce symptoms of a gout-like syndrome.
Which enhances the use of iron?
Iron
Copper
Molybdenum
Nickel
Nickel
Soybean meal, prunes, raisins, almonds, rose hips, peanuts, and hazel nuts are good sources of
Chromium
Boron
Copper
Manganese
Boron
Nuts, whole grains, legumes, liver are sources of
Copper
Boron
Nickel
Manganese
Copper
Brewer’s yeast, grain, salmon, honey are sources of
Chromium
Copper
Molybdenum
Nickel
Chromium
Good food sources of ___ include seafood, tea leaves, meats, poultry and whole grains.
Iron
Fluorine
Molybdenum
Nickel
Fluorine
Fluorine prevents anemia of pregnancy, reduces the formation of acid in the mouth caused by carbohydrates, contributes hardening to tooth enamel, contributes to stability of bone matrix, and is required for growth and fertility. Good food sources of fluorine include seafood, tea leaves, water in some areas, meats, poultry and whole grains. Chronic fluorine toxicity produces diminished tissue respiration, inhibited glycolytic utilization of glucose by erythrocytes, mottled teeth and skeletal deformations.
Marine fish, shellfish, mushrooms, most table salts are sources of
Iodine
Copper
Molybdenum
Nickel
Iodine
Whole grains, cereals, nuts, beans, egg yolks are sources of
Iron
Molybdenum
Manganese
Silicon
Manganese
Legumes, meats, organ meats are sources of
Iron
Copper
Molybdenum
Nickel
Iron
Meats, cereals, legumes, lentils, peas, beans, are sources of
Iodine
Copper
Molybdenum
Nickel
Molybdenum
Molybdenum is a required cofactor for the xanthine, aldehyde, and sulfite oxidases and is an electron transfer agent in oxidation-reduction reactions. Good food sources of molybdenum include meats, cereals, peas and beans. Chronic molybdenum deficiency may be associated with reduced life expectancy, retarded weight gain and impaired reproduction. Molybdenum is relatively nontoxic, with daily intakes greater than 100 mg/kg required to produce symptoms of a gout-like syndrome.
A chronic deficiency of which mineral contributes to excessive urinary calcium loss and low levels of circulating sex hormones?
Chromium
Boron
Iron
Copper
Boron
An acute deficiency presents as glucose intolerance, increased cholesterol and TGs. A chronic deficiency presents as aortic plaques, depressed growth rate and fatigue.
Iodine
Copper
Molybdenum
Chromium
Chromium
A chronic deficiency has signs of decreased immunity, increased serum total cholesterol, impaired glucose tolerance, inhibited new bone formation.
Iodine
Copper
Molybdenum
Nickel
Copper
Toxicity presents as mottled teeth and skeletal deformities.
Iodine
Copper
Fluorine
Nickel
Fluorine
Chronic deficiency sign is hypothyroidism (likely with goiter).
Iodine
Copper
Molybdenum
Nickel
Iodine
Which is the most common chronic nutrient deficiency in the world? signs: anemia, fatigue, bone deformities, impaired immune function, pale finger/toe nails.
Iodine
Copper
Molybdenum
Iron
Iron
Impaired glucose tolerance, beta-cell granulation of pancreas, hypocholesterolemia, impaired lactation are signs of which deficiency?
Manganese
Molybdenum
Silicon
Tin
Manganese
Impaired reproduction, along with decreased life expectancy, signals a chronic deficiency of
Iodine
Copper
Molybdenum
Nickel
Molybdenum
Molybdenum is a required cofactor for the xanthine, aldehyde, and sulfite oxidases and is an electron transfer agent in oxidation-reduction reactions. Good food sources of molybdenum include meats, cereals, peas and beans. Chronic molybdenum deficiency may be associated with reduced life expectancy, retarded weight gain and impaired reproduction. Molybdenum is relatively nontoxic, with daily intakes greater than 100 mg/kg required to produce symptoms of a gout-like syndrome.
Daily intakes > 4 mg leads to chronic toxicity and presents as dermatitis, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
Chromium
Manganese
Copper
Boron
Boron
Boron reduces the urinary excretion of calcium, increases the serum concentrations of estrogen and testosterone, forms complexes with organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups, is required for cell membrane function, and may contribute to the prevention of osteoporosis. Good food sources of boron include soybean meal, prunes, raisins, almonds, rose hips, peanuts and hazel nuts. Chronic boron deficiency may contribute to excessive urinary calcium loss and low circulating concentrations of sex hormones. Chronic boron toxicity requires daily intakes of over 4 miligrams and may produce dermatitis, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting.
book says TUL is 20 mg
Bioavail of which mineral is decreased by concurrent ingestion of calcium carbonate?
Chromium
Manganese
Copper
Boron
Chromium
High amounts of dietary carbs will increase urinary excretion of
Chromium
Manganese
Copper
Boron
Chromium
Chromium has no adverse effects with large doses
True or False
True
Fructose, EtOH, and Zn reduce the bioavailability of
Chromium
Manganese
Copper
Boron
Copper
What is the TUL of Copper?
100mcg
100mg
10mg
10mcg
> 10mg (10,000 mcg) can cause nausea, vomiting, abd pain
Chronic intake of 1-2mg/day can inhibit thyroid function and cause bloody or black/tarry stools, irregular heartbeat, and confusion.
Chromium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Iodine
Iodine
Absorption is increased by concurrent ingestion of Vit C, dietary sugars, and AAs. But, reduced by tea, cobalt, Mn, fiber or a B6 deficiency.
Iodine
Iron
Copper
Zinc
Iron
Acute toxicity can be fatal.. for an infant, 3 grams of the sulfate form of this mineral, or 200-250mg/kg for an adult would be fatal.
Iodine
Copper
Molybdenum
Iron
Iron
Iron is the most abundant micromineral in the body and its most important role is to provide, as a component of hemoglobin and myoglobin, oxygen transport within blood and muscle. As an essential enzyme cofactor, iron also facilitates electron transfer during energy metabolism and participates in a number of oxidation/reduction reactions. Depending on local conditions, iron may produce oxygen free radicals. Iron is necessary for catecholamine metabolism, neutrophil function, cell proliferation and immune defense. The bioavailability of iron is increased by the concurrent ingestion of vitamin C, dietary sugars, and amino acids. The bioavailability of iron is reduced by the concurrent ingestion of tea, cobalt, manganese or dietary fiber and by vitamin B6
deficiency. Good food sources of iron include legumes, meats, organs, and baked beans.
Iron Status is reflected in the hematocrit and plasma hemoglobin concentration. Hematocrit is a measure of the concentration of red blood cells within the blood (the proportion of blood volume consisting of red blood cells). Hematocrit and plasma hemoglobin concentration are two of the most reliable indicators of the degree of anemia or polycythemia. Serumtransferrin concentration determines the capacity of the red blood cells to carry iron (total iron-binding capacity); transferrin is formed by the liver and is responsible for transporting iron obtained from dietary sources and from the breakdown of red blood cells in the spleen. Transferrin saturation indicates relative iron reserves, as does the serum concentration of ferritin, an important iron-storage protein.
The likely safe range for Iron dosing?
15-25 mg/day
25-75mg/day
75-125mg
125-200mg
25-75 mg/day
Calcium, phosphorous, iron, cobalt all reduce bioavail of
Iodine
Copper
Molybdenum
Manganese
Manganese
Greater than 10mg / day of which mineral will impair iron metabolism, cause anorexia, insomnia, and muscle pain?
Manganese
Copper
Molybdenum
Iron
Manganese
Manganese is a cofactor associated with a large number of enzymes, including pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl CoA carboxylase and the enzymes of the tricarboxylic cycle, mitochondrial respiratory chain and nucleic acid metabolism. Manganese also participates in bone mineralization and demineralization, reproduction, and nerve cell function. The bioavailability of manganese is reduced by concurrent ingestion of calcium, phosphorus, iron or cobalt and is enhanced by concurrent ingestion of histidine and citrate. Good food sources of manganese include whole grains and cereals, nuts, beans, egg yolks, and bananas. Food preparation and processing have little effect on the manganese content of foods. Chronic manganese deficiency impairs glucose tolerance and produces beta-cell granulation in the pancreas, hypocholesterolemia, impairment of lactation, fetal retardation, and skeletal deformities. Manganese is relatively nontoxic with adverse effects (impaired iron metabolism, anorexia, insomnia and muscle pain) at intakes greater than 10 mg/day.
Intakes greater than 100mg/kg produce gout like sx:
Iodine
Copper
Molybdenum
Iron
Molybdenum
Daily intakes > 0.25 mg per gram of food create chronic toxicity. Sx: abnormal hepatocyte and mitochondrial structure, impaired hematopoiesis, degeneration of heart muscle, brain/lung/kidney tissues.
Fluorine
Nickel
Iron
Manganese
Nickel
Nickel enhances the use of iron. The bioavailability of nickel is reduced by the concurrent ingestion of milk and other dairy products, tea, ascorbic acid, coffee and orange juice. Chronic nickel toxicity (daily intakes greater than 0.25 mg per gram of food) produces abnormal hepatocyte and mitochondrial structure, impaired hematopoiesis, and degeneration of heart muscle, brain, lung, and kidney tissues.
Which mineral is a component of Glutathione peroxidase, participates in metabolism of prostaglandins, the conversion of T4-T3, and the prevention of oxidation of skeletal and heart muscle fibers?
Zinc
Selenium
Vanadium
Chromium
Selenium
Which is a biological cross linking agent in CT associated with elastin and is required for maximal bone prolylhydroxylase activity?
Zinc
Silicon
Chromium
Vanadium
Silicon
Necessary cofactor for > 200 metalloenzymes associated with CHO and energy metab., protein synthesis and degradation, nucleic acid synth, heme biosynth, CO2 transport, endocrine function, cell membrane structure, skin integrity, taste acuity, growth, wound healing, sexual maturation/reproduction, dark adaptation and night vision, and immunity?
Vanadium
Copper
Zinc
Selenium
Zinc
Selenium absorption is enhanced by concurrent ingestion with
Vit C
Vit E
B12
Zinc
Vit C
Which can interfere with porphyrin biosynthesis?
Copper
Tin
Zinc
Silicon
Tin
Over 80% is removed from grains during processing, and eggs/dairy/cereals reduce bioavailability
Vanadium
Copper
Zinc
Selenium
Zinc
Organ meats, muscle meats, tuna, brazil nuts, oysters, clams, halibut, and shrimp are good sources of
Vanadium
Copper
Zinc
Selenium
Selenium
oyster, shellfish, beef, other red meats, nuts, legumes are good sources of
Vanadium
Copper
Zinc
Selenium
Zinc
Chronic deficiency presents as hypercholesterolemia, pancreatic insufficiency, Keshan’s disease (cardiomyopathy), muscles discomfort or weakness, cataracts.
Vanadium
Copper
Zinc
Selenium
Selenium
Long term daily intake of > 10mg can cause sore eyes and bronchi or dermatitis. Acute ingestion of > 4.5 mg can cause cramps and diarrhea.
Vanadium
Copper
Zinc
Selenium
Vanadium
Vanadium appears to mimic the effects of insulin on adipocytes, may be an enzyme cofactor, may regulate the sodium/hydrogen ion transporter, and may stimulate osteoblast activity. Acute ingestion of 4.5 mg or more may cause cramps and diarrhea. Long term daily intakes of 10 mg may produce sore eyes and bronchi or dermatitis.
TUL according to book 1.8mg
Chronic deficiency signs: impaired cell-mediated immunity, wound healing, and memory; and, presence of acrodermatitis enteropathica, loss of taste/smell acuity, brittle nails, diarrhea, and sterility.
Vanadium
Copper
Zinc
Selenium
Zinc
100-300mg /day of Zinc can impair immune response and lead to a severe deficiency of which mineral?
Vanadium
Copper
Silicon
Selenium
Copper
