Primer 7 Flashcards
Waist to hip circumference for men should be less than
- 25
- 5
- 8
- 95
0.95
Waist to hip circumference for women should be less than
- 25
- 5
- 8
- 95
0.8
Measuring the skinfold of the triceps helps estimate body _____ composition
Muscle
Fat
Protein
water
Fat
Measuring the midarm muscle circumference estimates body ________ composition
Muscle
Fat
Protein
water
Muscle
Urinary excretion of which 2 metabolites estimates total body muscle mass?
1-Methylhistidine
3-Methylhistidine
Creatinine
Creatine
3-Methylhistidine and CREATININE
Total body nitrogen content is indicated by
BUN
Creatinine
Bilirubin
N2 measurement
BUN
Urea is formed in the _________ and excreted by the _______.
Liver, kidneys
Elevated BUN indicates which type of organ failure?
Renal
Hepatic
Splenic
Colonic
Renal (not being excreted well)
Low BUN indicates which type of organ disease?
Renal
Hepatic
Splenic
Colonic
Hepatic…likely enough not being formed
Body protein reserves are reflected in the concentration of which serum component?
Bilirubin
Creatine
Albumin
Globulin
Albumin
A serum albumin level under _____ suggests protein malnutrition, GI inflammation, digestive in capacity, edema in the extremities, CHF, acute liver disease, ecclampsia of pregnancy, or protein loss due to renal dysfunction.
< 5.5
- 5
- 5
- 5
< 5.5
serum albumin concentration <3.5 g/dL is indicative of malnutrition in an elderly individual.
Serum albumin concentrations less than 3.5 g/dL often accompany dehydration or hypothyroidism.
Serum albumin less than _____ often accompanies dehydration or hypothyroidism
<5.5
<4.5
<3.5
<2.5
<3.5
Serum osteocalcin, serum total and bone alk phos, serum type 1 collagen propeptide are markers of
Bone resorption
Bone formation
Bone density
Bone cancer
Bone formation
Urinary pyridinoline and urinary hydroxyproline, along with plasma tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity are markers of
Bone resorption
Bone formation
Bone density
Bone cancer
Bone resorption
Dehydration of cells, due to hypernatremia, can cause dry mucous membranes and sunken eyeballs, but much more dangerous issues when cerebral cells become dehydrated. Sx of cerebral cellular dehydration are
Restlessness, apprehension, coma
Hyperkalemia can cause disturbances of
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Both
Both
Abdominal distension, bloating, constipation, nausea, vomiting, general lethargy, muscle weakness, lack of normal reflex, increased cardiac contractility and elevated BP are signs of which?
Hypernatremia
Hypercalcemia
Hypermagnesemia
Hyperkalemia
Hypercalcemia
What is the appropriate blood pH range?
7.35-7.45
What occurs when increased blood CO2 elevates plasma H2CO3 (carbonic acid) and decreases the ratio of H2CO3 to HCO3(-) {bicarbonate ion} in plasma to less than 1:20?
Metabolic Acidosis
Respiratory Acidosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
Respiratory Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory Acidosis occurs when increased blood CO2 concentration in turn elevates plasma H2CO3 concentration and decreases the ratio of H2CO3 to HCO3- in plasma to less than 1:20. The usual cause is pulmonary disease that impairs the ability to excrete CO2. In uncompensated respiratory acidosis, plasma HCO3- concentration remains in the normal range and plasma pH falls below 7.35.
In compensated respiratory acidosis, urinary excretion of acid is increased, in turn elevating plasma HCO3- concentration, restoring a 1:20 ratio of the plasma concentrations of H2CO3 andHCO3 - and returning plasma pH to 7.35-7.45.
What occurs when alterations in metabolism generate increases amounts of organic acids that lower plasma pH, which increases the production of H2CO3?
Metabolic Acidosis
Respiratory Acidosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
Respiratory Alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic Acidosis occurs when alterations in metabolism generate increased amounts of non- volatile organic acids that lower plasma to pH to below 7.35. The increased plasma acidity upsets the equilibrium between H2CO3 and HCO3-, increasing the production of H2CO3 and resulting in a ratio of H2CO3 to HCO3- in plasma of less than 1:20.
Increased respiratory excretion of CO2 can compensate for increasing acid production, returning plasma CO2 and HCO3- concentrations, the plasma H2CO3 to HCO3- ratio and plasma pH to normal.
What occurs when CO2 excretion by the lungs causes decreased plasma CO2 concentration, leading to low levels of HCO3(-) and a ratio of H2CO3 to HCO3(-) in plasma greater than 1:20?
Metabolic Acidosis
Respiratory Acidosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
Respiratory Alkalosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory Alkalosis occurs when increased pulmonary excretion of CO2 causes decreased plasma CO2 concentration, leading to depression of plasma HCO3- concentration, a ratio of H2CO3 to HCO3- in plasma greater than 1:20 and elevation of plasma pH to above 7.45.
Increased excretion of alkaline urine can restore the plasma ratio of H2CO3 to HCO3- to 1:20 and return plasma pH to the normal range.
What occurs when metabolic alterations generate depress HCO3 (-) levels and a ratio of H2CO3 to HCO3(-) of greater than 1:20, decreased plasma CO2?
Metabolic Acidosis
Respiratory Acidosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
Respiratory Alkalosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
Metabolic Alkalosis occurs when alterations in metabolism generate increased amounts of alkali, leading to depression of plasma HCO3- concentration, a ratio of H2CO3 to HCO3- in plasma greater than 1:20, decreased plasma CO2 concentration and elevation of plasma pH to above 7.45.
Decreased respiratory excretion of CO2 can restore the plasma ratio of H2CO3 to HCO3 - to 1:20 and return plasma pH to the normal range.
PKU nutritional therapy involves a diet low in phenylalanine and high in which amino acid?
Tryptophan
Tyrosine
Methionine
Arginine
Tyrosine. PKU is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase which converts Phe to Tyr. Since Phe won’t be converted, need to avoid it and replace Tyr since it can’t be generated
Tyrosenemia type 1 causes hypertyrosenemia, which causes rickets and potentially fatal hepatomegaly. Nutritional therapy is based on diets low in which 2 amino acids?
Phe and Tyr, because Phe is coverted to Tyr.
Cystathione synthase defect causes which metabolic issue that leads to increased CVD and mental retardation?
hypercystathionemia
hypermethionemia
hyperhomocysteinemia
hyperglycemia
hyperhomocysteinemia
Which amino acid should be avoided or restricted in a situation of cystathionine-beta-synthase defect?
Tryptophan
Cysteine
Methionine
Arginine
Methionine (converted to Hcys)
The CBS gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called cystathionine beta-synthase. This enzyme acts in a chemical pathway and is responsible for using vitamin B6 to convert building block of proteins (amino acid) called homocysteine and serine to a molecule called cytathionine.
Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1a is due to a defect in ________. This causes which two primary symptoms?
Hyperglycemia and hepatomegaly
Hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly
Hyperglycemia and splenomegaly
Hypoglycemia and splenomegaly
glucose-6-phosphatase
Hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly (enlarged liver)
Effective nutritional therapy for Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1a is a diet with ________ fat and ________ complex carbs
Low, low
Low, high
high, low
High, high
Low, high
