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Nutrition > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

what do vitamins do ruminants usually not require in supplementation?

A

vitamin B and K

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2
Q

what is vitamin A?

A

anything that can be converted to retinol or that retonol can be converted to

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3
Q

what are the 3 physiological functions of vitamin A?

A
  1. vision
  2. cell proliferation and differentiation
  3. gene transcription
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4
Q

what are the 5 symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?

A
  1. night blindness leading to full blindness
  2. abnormal bone growth
  3. rough hair coat
  4. degeneration of mucus membranes
  5. impaired growth
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5
Q

what is the most likely vitamin to become toxic?

A

vitamin A

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6
Q

what are the symptoms of vitamin A toxicity? generally and then 4 specific

A

similar to deficiency

  1. skeletal malformations
  2. reduced growth
  3. conjunctivitis
  4. reproductive failure
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7
Q

what are the 2 major forms of vitamin D?

A
  1. D2, ergocalciferol

2. D3, cholecalciferol

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8
Q

where is vitamin D synthesized?

A

in the skin, when skin is exposed to UV rays

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9
Q

why must vitamin D be supplemented if it is synthesized in the skin?

A

some animals, like dogs and cats, aren’t great at synthesizing it, or they can’t synthesize at sufficient rates to meet requirements

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10
Q

when vitamin D is synthesized in the body, describe its metabolism in 2 steps to active form

A
  1. production of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the liver (inactive form)
  2. production of 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D in the kidney, which is the active form, this is done in response to parathyroid hormone
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11
Q

what is the main function of vitamin D?

A

to maintain calcium homeostasis

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12
Q

how does vitamin D maintain calcium homeostasis? (2)

A
  1. increases efficiency oof intestinal calcium absorption

2. increases calcium mobilization from bone (bone resorption to send calcium to bloodstream and needy tissues)

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13
Q

what is caused by a calcium deficiency?

A

rickets/osteomalacia

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14
Q

what is rickets?

A

softening of the bone; main symptom is bow-leggedness

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15
Q

describe how vitamin D works with the diet to maintain calcium homeostasis

A

vitamin D increases calcium receptors on the brush border, but if there isn’t calcium in the diet, good fucking good those receptors are gonna do

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16
Q

is there a need to supplement vitamin D if there is good sun exposure?

A

nah

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17
Q

describe the range of vitamin D requirements acorss species

A

wide range depending on sunlight exposure; llamas have hella high requirements (high elevation, lots of sunlight) but the African mole rat has NO vitamin D requirement (lives underground)

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18
Q

what is vit E also called?

A

alpha-tocopherol

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19
Q

what is the function of vitamin E?

A

prevention of membrane lipids from oxidative damage, or acts as an antioxidant

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20
Q

describe how vitamin E being a fat soluble vitamin enables its function

A

since it’s fat soluble it is associated with the lipid bilayer and can work with water soluble vitamins to do its job

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21
Q

what are the 4 vitamin E deficency symptoms and in what species?

A
  1. muscular dystrophy in most species
  2. liver necrosis in swine and rats
  3. fetal resorption in rats
  4. encephalomalacia in poultry (breakdown of cell membranes as lipids are oxidized)
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22
Q

when found in plants what is vitamin K also called?

A

phylloquinone

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23
Q

when found in bacteria what is vitamin K also called?

A

menaquinone

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24
Q

what is the function of vitamin K?

A

post-translational modification of proteins (carboxylation) that is required for protein function

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25
Q

give two specific protein functions that vitamin K is required for?

A
  1. clotting factors

2. osteocalcin (important for bone strength)

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26
Q

what is the symptom of a vitamin K deficiency?

A

reduced blood clotting ability

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27
Q

what is the general funciton of B vitamins?

A

some function as enzyme co-factors in energy metabolism

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28
Q

is toxicity usually an issue with B vitamins? why or why not?

A

rarely an issue; B vitamins are water soluble so any excess is excreted in urine

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29
Q

how do ruminants usually obtain B vitamins?

A

their rumens synthesize B vitamins in sufficient amounts to meet requirement

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30
Q

describe how horses obtain B vitamins

A

although B vitamins are synthesized in the hindgut, horses usually receive vitamin B supplementation in their diets as well

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31
Q

what is vitamin B1?

A

thiamin

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32
Q

what are the 2 functions of thiamin?

A
  1. decarboxylation of ketoacids

2. transketolocation via pyruvate dehydrogenase (pull off and yield acetyl CoA)

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33
Q

what body function is thiamin necessary for?

A

DNA and RNA synthesis through transketolocation

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34
Q

what usually causes a thiamin deficiency?

A

destruction of thiamin in diet or DI tract via thiaminases

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35
Q

what does a thiamin deficiency generally result in?

A

impaired carbohydrate synthesis, leads to no energy or lack of

36
Q

what are the 5 specific symptoms of a thiamin deficiency?

A
  1. anorexia
  2. convulsions
  3. paralysis
  4. reduced heart rate
  5. subnormal body temperature
37
Q

what is vitamin B2?

A

riboflavin

38
Q

what in the funciton of riboflavin?

A

necessary for synthesis of flavocoenzymes

39
Q

what are the 2 flavocoenzymes from riboflavin, what are their functions?

A
  1. flavin mononucleotide: required for ETC

2. flavin adenin dinucleotide (FAD) also all the pathways

40
Q

what are the symptoms of riboflavin deficiency in poultry? (2)

A
  1. curled toe paralysis in chicks

2. reduced egg production and hatchability

41
Q

what are the symptoms of riboflavin deficiency in all species? (3)

A
  1. skin lesions
  2. reduced growth
  3. reproductive failure
42
Q

what is vitamin B3?

A

niacin

43
Q

what are the two forms of niacin?

A
  1. nicotinic acid

2. nicotinamide

44
Q

what is the function of niacin?

A

formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD!!) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP!!)

45
Q

what is the disease caused by niacin deficiency? what are the 3 symptoms?

A

pellagra

  1. dermatitis
  2. dementia
  3. diarrhea
46
Q

describe the niacin-tryptophan interrelationship

A

metabolic requirement for niacin can be met by conversion of tryptophan to niacin

47
Q

what is vitamin B5?

A

pantothenic acid

48
Q

what are the 2 functions of pantothenic acid?

A
  1. coenzyme A synthesis

2. acyl carrier protein synthesis (move acyl groups around inside the cell)

49
Q

what are the 3 symptoms of a pantothenic acid deficiency?

A
  1. reduced growth
  2. dermatitis
  3. goose-stepping gait in pigs
50
Q

what are the 3 names for vitamin B6?

A
  1. pyridoxine
  2. pyridoxamine
  3. pyridoxal
51
Q

what is the function of vitamin B6?

A

it’s a cofactor for enzymes

52
Q

give 5 enzymes that vitamin B6 is a cofactor for?

A
  1. aminotransferases
  2. decarboxylases
  3. heme biosynthesis
  4. cysteine synthesis
  5. glycogen phosphorylase (necessary for glycogenolysis)
53
Q

what are the 3 symptoms of a vitamin B6 deficiency?

A
  1. convulsions
  2. dermatitis
  3. impaired reproduction (decreased litter size, abortions, failure to get pregnant)
54
Q

what is vitamin B9?

A

folate

55
Q

what is the function of folate?

A

1-carbon metabolism

56
Q

give 3 processes of 1-carbon metabolism

A
  1. interconversion of glycine and serine
  2. methionine cycle
  3. nucelotide synthesis
57
Q

what is the symptom of a folate deficiency?

A

anemia (weak and lethargic)

58
Q

what is vitamin B12?

A

cobalamin

59
Q

what is the function of cobalamin?

A

it is an intrinsic factor needed for absorption, is synthesized by parietal cells in the stomach; if there is no intrinsic factor, there is a vitamin B12 deficiency

60
Q

what is vitamin B12 a cofactor for? (2)

A
  1. methlmalonyl CoA mutase

2. methionine synthase

61
Q

along with vitamin B12, what else is a cofactor required for methionine synthase? how does this impact treatment?

A

folate (B9); a folate and a cobalamin (B12) deficiency will have identical symptoms, so if see those symptoms, treat for both B9 and B12 deficiency to cover bases

62
Q

what are the 3 symptoms of a B12 (cobalamine) deficiency?

A
  1. decreased growth
  2. anemia
  3. poor reproduction
63
Q

what 3 vitamins are required for the methionine cycle?

A
  1. folate (B9)
  2. B6
  3. B12
64
Q

what is vitamin B7?

A

biotin

65
Q

what is the function of biotin (B7)?

A

carboxylase synthesis

66
Q

what what 4 carboxylases that are synthesized by B7?

A
  1. acetyl CoA carboxylase (FA synthesis)
  2. pyruvate carboxylase (gluconeogenesis)
  3. proprionyl CoA carboxylase (proprionate to succinyl CoA)
  4. 3-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase (catabolism of leucine)
67
Q

is B7 easy to supplement? how is it usually provided

A

no, it’s pretty expensive to supplement; try to provide in the diet instead

68
Q

what are the symptoms of biotin (B7) deficiency in non-ruminants? (4)

A
  1. dermatitis
  2. cracks in foot pads
  3. poor growth
  4. loss of hair or feathers
69
Q

what are the symptoms of biotin (B7) deficiency in ruminants and horses?

A
  1. hoof cracks

2. lesions

70
Q

what is/was B4?

A

choline

71
Q

is choline necessarily a vitamin?

A

sometimes, but it is synthesized in the body so it is not a dietary essential but can still be supplemented for beneficial reasons, such as to improve growth rate

72
Q

what are the 4 functions of choline?

A
  1. phospholipid synthesis
  2. neurotransmission (acteyl choline)
  3. chylomicron synthesis
  4. methyl group donor (1-carbon metabolism)
73
Q

is vitamin C water or fat soluble?

A

water soluble

74
Q

what is vitamin C also called?

A

ascorbic acid

75
Q

what 4 species is vitamin C essential for?

A
  1. primates
  2. guinea pigs
  3. some exotics
  4. some fish species
76
Q

do most animals have a vitamin C requirement?

A

nope, only the 4 named earlier

77
Q

what is vitamin C synthesized from?

A

glucose

78
Q

what enzyme converts glucose to vitamin C?

A

gulonolactone oxidase

79
Q

do species that do NOT have a vitamin C requirement have gulonolactone oxidase?

A

nope, they lack it

80
Q

what are the 2 functions of vitamin C?

A
  1. required for oxygenase activity

2. antixoidant

81
Q

give the 5 oxygenase activity functions of vitamin C

A
  1. collagen synthesis
  2. carnitine synthesis
  3. norepinephrine synthesis
  4. activation of peptide hormones
  5. tyrosine oxidation
82
Q

describe the antioxidant function of vitamin C

A

similar to vitamin E, but the water soluble version, so is found OUTSIDE the cell membranes (E is IN the membranes); E and C work in complimentary fashion to protect lipid membranes

83
Q

what is the disease caused by vitamin C deficiency called?

A

scurvy

84
Q

what are the 5 symptoms of scurvy, as a result of vitamin C deficiency?

A
  1. bruising/hemorrhaging
  2. rough coat
  3. painful joints
  4. lethargy
  5. dental issues
85
Q

why are the symptoms of scurvy/vitamin C deficiency structural-related?

A

because vitamin C responsible for collagen synthesis so lack of collagen leads to loss of structural integrity

Nutrition (19 decks)

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